Aplikasi Kaedah Fiqh “al-Darurah Tuqaddaru Bi Qadariha” Terhadap Pengambilan Bantuan Makanan oleh Gelandangan

The Application of Islamic Legal Maxim “Al-Darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha” on the Intake of Food Distribution by the Homeless

Authors

  • Muhammad Ammar Harith Idris Postgraduate student
  • Mohd Anuar Ramli Senior Lecturer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol13no1.157

Keywords:

gelandangan, darurah, rukhsah, makanan halal, halalan tayyiban

Abstract

The homeless was a group of people who are marginalized in large cities, such as Kuala Lumpur. The existence of them is due to various factors such as urban poverty, family conflict, mental and social symptoms. Arising from these factors, they decided to live on the streets without appropriate residences. In confronting the issue of the homeless, various forms of assistance have been provided either by government agencies or non-governmental organizations, such as the provision of transit accommodation, food distribution and so on. However, the food distribution program that is open to all parties is seen to cause problems in term of ensuring halal food intake for the homeless who are Muslims. An element of doubt on the aspect of halalan ṭayyiban was arised due to the background differences from the parties. Furthermore, the situation of the homeless who depend heavily on help, lead them to accept all kinds of food distributed without careful examination. At some point, some of the difficulties experienced by the homeless puts them in a situation of ‘darurah’(emergency). From the aspect of Islamic law, there is a debate regarding the legal maxim "Al-darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha" (Emergency eliminated in line with the rate). It is designed just to eliminate the element of darurah that exists in a situation. The rukhsah was given to eliminate the element of darurah. However, it must be taken at a rate that only to eliminate the situation of darurah. Therefore, the maxim has been applied toward the intake of food distribution by the homeless. As a result, the application of the maxim is flexible based on the situation. Homeless was given the rukhsah in a desperate situation and feared harm if they did not take the food. However, it cannot be applied when there is a wide selection of food distribution resources especially those from more authoritative and Islamic organizations. In addition, it also does not apply if the food has been described clearly as Halal or otherwise.

ABSTRAK

Golongan gelandangan merupakan satu kelompok  masyarakat marginal yang terdapat di bandar-bandar besar, misalnya di Kuala Lumpur. Kewujudan golongan ini adalah disebabkan pelbagai faktor yang menghimpit dan mendesak antaranya adalah kemiskinan bandar, konflik keluarga, gangguan mental dan gejala sosial. Bertitik tolak daripada faktor tersebut, mereka mengambil keputusan untuk tinggal di jalanan tanpa mempunyai tempat tinggal yang tetap dan sesuai. Dalam mendepani isu gelandangan, pelbagai bentuk bantuan telah diberikan kepada golongan gelandangan sama ada oleh agensi kerajaan ataupun pertubuhan bukan kerajaan, misalnya penyediaan penginapan transit, bantuan makanan dan sebagainya. Namun begitu, bantuan makanan yang bersifat terbuka ini dilihat menimbulkan permasalahan dalam pengambilan makanan halal bagi gelandangan yang beragama Islam. Perbezaan latar belakang pihak-pihak yang menghulurkan bantuan makanan dilihat mewujudkan unsur keraguan terhadap aspek halalan tayyiban pada sumber makanan tersebut. Tambahan pula, situasi gelandangan yang bergantung sepenuhnya kepada bantuan menyebabkan mereka menerima segala jenis makanan yang diagihkan tanpa pemeriksaan yang teliti. Beberapa kesulitan yang dialami oleh gelandangan ini meletakkan mereka berada dalam situasi darurat pada suatu keadaan. Dari aspek hukum Islam, terdapat satu kaedah fiqh yang membahaskan perihal darurat antaranya ialah kaedah “Al-Darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha” (Darurat dihilangkan selari dengan kadarnya). Kaedah ini bertujuan menghilangkan unsur darurat yang wujud dalam sesuatu keadaan. Pemberian rukhsah berperanan dalam menghilangkan unsur darurat tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, berasaskan piawaian pemberian rukhsah, ianya mestilah diambil pada kadar yang dapat menghilangkan darurat itu sahaja. Oleh itu, kaedah fiqh ini telah diaplikasikan ke atas permasalahan dalam pengambilan bantuan makanan oleh gelandangan. Hasilnya, aplikasi kaedah tersebut adalah bersifat fleksibel berdasarkan situasi. Gelandangan diberikan rukhsah untuk mengambil makanan yang diragui sumber penyediaanya sekiranya mereka benar-benar terdesak dan dikhuatiri mendatangkan  mudarat jika tidak mengambil makanan tersebut. Namun demikian, kaedah ini tidak boleh diaplikasikan pada beberapa situasi. Antaranya ialah apabila wujud pelbagai pilihan sumber bantuan makanan daripada pihak yang lebih berautoriti dari sudut halal seperti pertubuhan serta sukarelawan Islam. Selain itu, ia juga tidak terpakai sekiranya telah dijelaskan status makanan tersebut yang membezakan di antara halal dengan sebaliknya.

 

Kata kunci: gelandangan, darurah, rukhsah, makanan halal, halalan tayyiban

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Muhammad Ammar Harith Idris, Postgraduate student

Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya

Mohd Anuar Ramli, Senior Lecturer

Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya

References

Abd al-Wahab Khallaf, ‘Ilm Usul al-Fiqh, (Kaherah : Maktabah Da’wah al-Islamiyyah Syabab al-Azhar, 1942), 122

Abi Ishak al-Syatibi, Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Syari’ah, (Arab Saudi : Wizarah Al-Shu’un al-Islamiyyah, t.t), jil.1, 7

Abi Hamid Muhammad Al-Ghazali, Al-Mustasfa min ‘Ilm al-Usul, (Riyadh : Dar al-Maiman, t.t), jil. 2, 327-328

Abu al-Fida’ Isma’il Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-‘Azim, (Beirut : Dar al-Kutub al- ‘Ilmiyyah, 1998), jil. 1, 351

Abu Bakr Ahmad al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Quran, (Beirut : Dar al-Haya’ al-Turath al- ‘Arabiy, 1992), jil. 1, 160

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-‘Arabi, Ahkam al-Quran, ed. ke-3, (Beirut : Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003), 2: 42-44

Abu Ja’afar al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Tabari, (Beirut : Muassasah al-Risalah, 1994), jil. 1, 464-466

Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Zarqa, Syarh al-Qawa’id al-Fiqhiyyah, ed. ke-2 (Beirut : Dar al-Qalam, 1989), 187

Ali bin Muhammad Al-Jurjani, Mu’jam al-Ta’rifat, (Kaherah : Dar al-Fadhilah, t.t), 117

B. Rustanto, Menangani Kemiskinan, (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2015)

Damsar & Indrayani, Pengantar Sosiologi Perkotaan, (Jakarta: Kencana, 2017)

Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-‘Arab, (Kaherah : Dar al-Ma’arif, t.t), jil. 4, 2572-2574

Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi, Al-Mughni, (Lubnan : Bayt al-Afkar al-Dawliyyah, 2004), 2: 2374

Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman al-Suyuti, al-Asybah wa al-Nazhoir, (Beirut : Dar al-Kutb al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1983), 85

Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah a-Ansari al-Qurthubi, al-Jami’ li Ahkam al-Quran, (Kaherah : Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah, 1938), 6: 77-79

Muhammad Abu Zuhrah, Usul al-Fiqh, (t.tp.: Dar al-Fikr al-‘Arabi,1985), 370-371

Muhammad bin Ahmad Ibn Rusyd al-Qurtubi, Bidayat al-Mujathid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid, (Lubnan : Bayt al-Afkar al-Dawliyyah, 2009), 526-527

Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Khatib al-Sharbini, Mughni al-Muhtaj, (Beirut : Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2000), 6 : 160

Muhammad bin Ya’qub al-Fairuzabadi, Qamus al-Muhit, (Beirut : Muassasah al-Risalah, 2005), 428

Muhammad Sa’ad al-Yubi, Maqasid al-Shari’ah, (Riyadh : Dar al-Hijrah, 1998), 183

Wahbah al-Zuhayli, Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, edisi ke-2 (Damsyiq : Dar al-Fikr, 1985), jil. 3, 515

Wahbah al-Zuhayli, Nazoriyyah al-Darurah al-Syar’iyyah, ed. ke-2 (Beirut : Muassasah al-Risalah, 1985), 67-68

Yusuf Qardhawi, Al-Halal wa al-Haram fi al-Islam, (Beirut : Dar al-Quran al-Karim, 1978), 61-64

Anita M. Hubley, Lara B. Russell, Anita Palepu, and Stephen W. Hwang. "Subjective quality of life among individuals who are homeless: A review of current knowledge." Social indicators research 115, no. 1 (2014): 509-524, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-012-9998-7

Belinda Crawford, Rowena Yamazaki, et. al, "Sustaining dignity? Food insecurity in homeless young people in urban Australia." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 25, no. 2 (2014): 71-78, http://www.publish.csiro.au/HE/he13090

Miodrag Radunović, Nemanja Radojević, Velimir Rakočević, Jelena Vučinić, and Ivana Čurović. "Clinical and autopsy findings of the homeless." (2017), 6

Muhammad Syafiq Muhamad Sham and Doris Padmini Selvaratnam. "Strategi Kelangsungan Hidup Gelandangan di Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur." Sains Humanika 10, no. 2 (2018), 19-29, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v10n2.1348

Mohammad Taghi Malboobi and Mohammad Ali Malboobi. "Halal concept and products derived from modern biotechnology." In International workshop for Islamic scholars on agribiotechnology: Shariah compliance, (2012): 22

Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad, Khaidzir Ismail dan et. al, "Hubungan di antara Kesihatan Mental dengan Minat Kerjaya dalam kalangan Gelandangan di Kem Desa Bina Diri, Malaysia (The Relationship between Mental Health and Career Interest among Homeless People in Kem Desa Bina Diri, Malaysia)." Akademika 86, no. 1 (2016), 1-10, http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/9489

Nancy Lutwak and Curt Dill. "Homeless and Older Veterans May Be at Risk for Malnutrition and Food Insecurity." Population Health Management (2017), 419

Naomi Dachner and Valerie Tarasuk. "Homeless “squeegee kids”: Food insecurity and daily survival." Social science & medicine 54, no. 7 (2002): 1039-1049, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)

Nazri Muslim and Ahmad Hidayat Buang. "Islam dalam perlembagaan persekutuan dari perspektif hubungan etnik di Malaysia." Jurnal Kemanusiaan 10, no. 2 (2017), 122, file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/68-137-1-SM.pdf

Nicolas Herault and David C. Ribar. "Food insecurity and homelessness in the Journeys Home survey." Journal of Housing Economics 37 (2017), 62

Nor Ardyanti Ahmad, T. N. Abaidah, and M. H. A. Yahya. "A study on halal food awareness among Muslim customers in Klang Valley." In The 4th International Conference on Business and Economic Research (4th icber 2013) Proceeding, (2013), 1074

Norzuraida Hasan, "Potensi pelaksanaan bank makanan di Malaysia sebagai satu bentuk jaminan sekuriti makanan bagi golongan miskin." (PhD diss., Universiti Malaya, 2012), 66

Seng-Guan Yeoh. "The World Class City, the homeless and soup kitchens in Kuala Lumpur." Current Sociology (2017): 579-580, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0011392117697464

Sharifah Mariam Alhabshi and A. K. Abdul Manan. "Homelessness in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A case of agenda denial." International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow 1, no. 2 (2012): 1-9, https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00007141_79227

Siti Fariza, M. F., A. K. Hasanah, M. S. Irwan, and A. R. Azman. "Aplikasi Kaedah Fiqh Al-Darurah Tuqaddar Biqadariha Dalam Agihan Zakat Untuk Mangsa Banjir." (2016), 80-90, http://ddms.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/14034

Rafiza binti Mohamed, Jaffary Awang, Ahmad Sunawari Long, and Zaizul Ab Rahman. "Keperluan Gelandangan terhadap Sistem Sokongan Agama Homeless Requirements Of Religious Support System."84, http://journal.kuis.edu.my/jsass/images/files6/jsass_vol4bil1_009_rafiza.pdf

Ramli Awang, Roslan Abdul-Rahim, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, Badlishisham Mohd Nasir, Mohd Nasir Ripin, Zulkiflee Haron, and Mansoureh Ebrahimi. "Halal epistemology from a global perspective." Social Sciences (Pakistan) 9, no. 6 (2014) : 375

Reyna Rusenko, “The Anjung Singgah Strategy: Simultaneous Inclusion and Exclusion of Homelessness in Malaysia’s Policy Agenda”, Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Conference , August 2013, 6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2654682

Published

2018-12-31

How to Cite

Idris, M. A. H., & Ramli, M. A. (2018). Aplikasi Kaedah Fiqh “al-Darurah Tuqaddaru Bi Qadariha” Terhadap Pengambilan Bantuan Makanan oleh Gelandangan: The Application of Islamic Legal Maxim “Al-Darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha” on the Intake of Food Distribution by the Homeless. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 13(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol13no1.157

Issue

Section

Seminar Papers

Most read articles by the same author(s)