Research Insights on Online Fatwas. A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review

Authors

  • Soleh Hasan Wahid Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol29no1.570

Keywords:

Research insight, Scopus, Systematic literature review, Online fatwa

Abstract

Current research on online fatwas has not been thematically identified into a single entity, so it is useful to have guidelines for responding to online fatwas spread across different media.  The purpose of this study is to conduct a thematic analysis of scholarly publications related to online fatwas and formulate knowledge based on the classification of the findings. In this study, the author used a systematic literature review by selecting Scopus publications related to online fatwas from 2000 to 2022. The results of this study found that online fatwas research in Scopus can be classified into two forms, first, focusing on the issue of online fatwas and religious authorities. Second, online fatwas are a tool of social engineering. Research on online fatwas about religious authority concludes that there is a shift in religious authority in the digital era, the emergence of digital muftis, even the issue of mazhab, and the need for offline religious authorities to transform themselves by advocating fatwas online. The article on online fatwas, which focuses on fatwas as a tool for social manipulation, recommends three screening methods, namely evaluating the content, establishing criteria for the credibility of fatwas sites, and developing fatwas screening technology

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-Kandari, A. A., & Dashti, A. (2014). Fatwas and the internet: a study of the influence of Muslim religious scholars on internet diffusion in Saudi Arabia. Prometheus, 32(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2014.998929

Al-Sarem, M., Saeed, F., Alsaeedi, A., Boulila, W., & Al-Hadhrami, T. (2020). Ensemble Methods for Instance-Based Arabic Language Authorship Attribution. IEEE Access, 8, 17331–17345. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964952

Al Otaibi, J., Elloumi, S., Jaoua, A., & Hassaine, A. (2015). Using conceptual reasoning for inconsistencies detection in Islamic advisory opinion (Fatwas). 2015 IEEE/ACS 12th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), 2016-July, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/AICCSA.2015.7507097

Ali, S. S. (2010). Cyberspace as Emerging Muslim Discursive Space? Online Fatawa On Women and Gender Relations and its Impact on Muslim Family Law Norms. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 24(3), 338–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebq008

Ali, S. S. (2016). Behind the Cyberspace Veil: Online Fatawa on Women’s Family Rights. In From Transnational Relations to Transnational Laws (pp. 117–137). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315583587-6

Alimi, M. Y. (2019). Theorizing Internet, Religion and Post Truth: an Article Review. KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture; Vol 11, No 2 (2019): September. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v11i2.21860

Ashaari, M. F., Mohamad Rasit, R., Ismail, Z., & Ramzy, M. I. (2020). Wacana Islam di Facebook Jabatan-Jabatan Mufti Malaysia. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 17(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.17.2020.170

Badran, S., & Turnbull, B. (2019). Contemporary temporary marriage: A blog-analysis of first-hand experiences. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(2), 241–256. https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85077626857

Bisyri, M. H. (2020). Fatwas as a Tool of Social Engineering: The Study of Fatwas of Tarjih Muhammadiyah. Jurnal Penelitian, 17(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jupe.v17i2.2986

Borham, A. H., & Abd Ghani, Z. (2015). Pola Pendedahan Internet dan Impaknya Terhadap Kefahaman Islam di Kalangan Ahli Akademik di UKM dan USIM (The Pattern of Internet Exposure and Its Impact Towards Understanding Islam Among Academicians in UKM and USIM). Jurnal Komunikasi, Malaysian Journal of Communication, 31(2), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2015-3102-23

Bunt, G. R. (2015). Islam in the Digital Age. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs6ck

Campbell, H. (2004). Challenges Created by Online Religious Networks. Journal of Media and Religion, 3(2), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1

Chawki, M. (2010a). Islam in the Digital Age: Counseling and Fatwas at the Click of a Mouse. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 5(4).

Chawki, M. (2010b). Islam in the digital age: Counselling and fatwas at the click of a mouse. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 5(4), 165–180.

Fakhruroji, M. (2019). Muslims Learning Islam on the Internet. In Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives (pp. 1–17). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_70-1

Halevi, L. (2012). THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743811001243

Halim, F. A. (2015). Reformulating the Madhhab in Cyberspace. Islamic Law and Society, 22(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00224p04

Hamdan, N. M., Anuar, M. R., Aminudin, H., Ar, N. N. H., Ms, M. F., & Azizul, S. M. (2021). The Application of Maqasid-Oriented Approach in Islamic Bioethics: A Case Study on Fatwas Related to Cosmetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 20(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.31436/IMJM.V20I1.1781

Hanafiah, M. G. (2019). Isu Membidaahkan Amalan Masyarakat Melayu: Analisis Wacana Media Massa (Accusations of Heresy Against the Practice of Malay Community: A Mass Media Discourse Analysis). Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 35(2), 68–86. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2019-3502-05

Hashim, N. M., & Mizerski, D. (2010). Exploring Muslim consumers’ information sources for fatwas rulings on products and behaviors. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011026213

Hosen, N. (2008). Online fatwas in Indonesia: From fatwas shopping to googling a kiai. Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, January 2008, 159–173.

Husein, F., & Slama, M. (2018). Online piety and its discontent: revisiting Islamic anxieties on Indonesian social media. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1415056

Imaduddin, M. F. (2020). Studi Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Fatwas MUI No. 14 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Dalam Situasi Wabah Covid-19. Jurnal Ilmiah Sosiologi Agama (JISA), 3(2). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jisa.v3i2.7999

Islam, M. T. (2019). The Impact Of Social Media On Muslim Society: From Islamic Perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3, 95–114.

Jamalludin, S., Jailani, N., Ahmad, S., Abdullah, S., Mukhtar, M., Marini Abu Bakar, Majid, M. A., Mohd Rosmadi Mokhtar, & Abdullah, Z. (2011). A Syariah compliant e-auction framework. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEI.2011.6021624

Kadarisman, M. (2019). The influence of government and MUI mediations towards marketing strategy of Warteg and its impact on developing MSMEs in Jakarta, Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1629096

Kaptein, N. J. . (2004). The Voice of the `Ulamâ’: Fatwas and Religious Authority in Indonesia. Archives de Sciences Sociales Des Religions, 125(125), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.4000/assr.1038

Karim, N. A. (2005). Assessing Islamic information quality on the internet: A case of information about Hadith. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 10(2), 51–66. https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/44949260280

Khairani, D., Lubis, A., Zulkifli, Sukmana, H. T., Faruqi, K., & Durachman, Y. (2019). Keywords Searching XML Data for Fatwas in Indonesia. 2019 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM47753.2019.8965394

Khairani, D., Lubis, A., Zulkifli, Sukmana, H. T., Pratama, D., & Durachman, Y. (2019). Developing a Web-Based Fatwas of the Council of Indonesian Ulama. 2019 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM47753.2019.8965368

Khairuldin, W. M. K. F. W., Embong, A. H., Anas, W. N. I. W. N., Mohd, H., & Ismail, D. (2018). The application of technology in the dissemination of fatwas: A study on religious institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 1590–1596. https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85052399695

Khasani, F. (2022). FATWAS PHENOMENON IN THE DIGITAL AGE; FROM CONCEPT ANALYSIS TO PROBLEM SOLVING. Al-’`Adalah : Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1 SE-Articles). https://doi.org/10.31538/adlh.v7i1.1755

Krotoski, A. (2011). What effect has the internet had on religion? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/17/untangling-web-aleks-krotoski-religion

Kulsum, U., Subhan, A., & Darajat, D. M. (2021). Praktik Dakwah Online di Media Sosial (Studi Kasus Pada Akun Instagram @Khalidbasalamahofficial). Virtu: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, Budaya Dan Islam, 1(1), 40–65. https://doi.org/10.15408/virtu.v1i1.21749

Larsson, G. (2016). “One cannot doubt the potential effect of these fatwas on modern Muslim society.” 1 Online Accusations of Disbelief and Apostasy: The Internet as an Arena for Sunni and Shia Muslim Conflicts. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses, 45(2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008429816631971

Makhsin, M. (2021). EDUCATING ZAKAT CALCULATION OF GOLD JEWELRY THROUGH THE MALAYSIAN ZAKAT INSTITUTION WEBSITE. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 22(5), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.5.011

Maravia, U., Bekzhanova, Z., Ali, M., & Alibri, R. (2021). British muslims caught amidst fogs—a discourse analysis of religious advice and authority. Religions, 12(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020140

Michalak, L., Trocki, K., & Katz, K. (2009). “I Am a Muslim and My Dad is an Alcoholic—What Should I Do?” Internet-Based Advice for Muslims About Alcohol. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 4(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900902771325

Miladi, N. (2021). The discursive representation of Islam and Muslims in the British tabloid press. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 10(1), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00024_1

Miladi, N., Karim, S., & Athambawa, M. (2017). Fatwas on satellite TV and the development of Islamic religious discourse. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 10(2), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1386/jammr.10.2.129_1

Muttaqin, Z. (2021). Formalization of Islamic Law in Indonesia in the Framework of Social Engineering Theory by Roscoe Pound. El-Mashlahah, 11(2), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.23971/elma.v11i2.2825

Nassr, R., Mahmud, M., Tap, A. O. M., & Aliyu, M. (2013). Measurable reliability dimensions for Islamic websites. 2013 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS.2013.6716696

Nawi, A. M., & Hamzah, M. I. (2014). Mobile Fatwas (M-Fatwas): The Integration Of Islamic Fatwas Through Mobile Technologymohd. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.41295

Possamai, A., Turner, B. S., Roose, J. M., Dagistanli, S., & Voyce, M. (2016). ‘Shari’a’ in cyberspace.: A case study from Australia. Sociologica, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.2383/83882

Rashid, T. (2019). Social media, religion and religiosity in Pakistan in the era of disruption. Hamdard Islamicus, 42(1–2), 33–56. https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85076570252

Rinnawi, K. (2012). ‘Instant Nationalism’ and the ‘Cyber Mufti’: The Arab Diaspora in Europe and the Transnational Media. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1451–1467. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698215

Rusli. (2011). Tipologi Fatwas di Era Modern: Dari Offline ke Online. Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 8(2).

Rusli, R. (2015). Progressive Salafism in Online Fatwas. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 52(1), 205. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.205-229

Rusli, R., Hasyim, M. S., & Nurdin, N. (2020). A NEW ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND FATWAS RULINGS: How Indonesia’s Young Muslim Scholars Interact with Online Sources. JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM, 14(2), 499. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.2.499-518

Rusli, R., & Nurdin, N. (2022). Understanding Indonesia millennia Ulama online knowledge acquisition and use in daily fatwas making habits. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 4117–4140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10779-7

Salama, A. H. Y. (2021). The force dynamics of adjectival deontic modality in the mediatised register of the fatwas: a corpus cognitive–semantic analysis. Corpora, 16(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0207

Sangaji, R., Basri, H., Wandi, W., Sultan, M., & Rasyid, N. (2021). The News of the Covid-19 Vaccine in the Media and Public Resistance in Indonesia: A Study of Islamic Law. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 957. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10892

Setiyanto, D. A. (2018). Fatwas Sebagai Media Social Engineering (Analisis Fatwas MUI di Bidang Hukum Keluarga Pasca Reformasi). Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 3(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v3i1.1342

Sisler, V. (2011). CYBER COUNSELLORS. Information, Communication & Society, 14(8), 1136–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.579140

Šisler, V. (2014). European courts’ authority contested? The case of marriage and divorce fatwas on-line. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 3(1), 51–78. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mujlt3&div=7&id=&page

Stanton, A. L. (2018). Islamic emoticons and religious authority: emerging practices, shifting paradigms. Contemporary Islam, 12(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-017-0412-8

Taqieddin, E. S., & Wahsheh, Y. A. (2016). IEFP: An application layer protocol for Islamic electronic fatawa management and security. 2016 12th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/INNOVATIONS.2016.7880037

van den Branden, S., & Broeckaert, B. (2011). Living in the hands of God. English Sunni e-fatwas on (non-)voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 14(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-010-9280-1

Weimann, G. (2011). Cyber- Fatwas and Terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34(10), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2011.604831

Wynn, L. L., & Foster, A. M. (2018). Muftis in the Matrix. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 14(3), 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1215/15525864-7025413

Yucel, S., & Albayrak, I. (2021). Are Online Fatwas Credible? A Critical Analysis of Fifty Fatwas on Organ Donation and Transplantation. Religions, 12(10), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100902

Zaenurrosyid, A., Sholihah, H., & Shidiq, G. (2021). Typologies of the Fiqh Conception in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era (Exploration on Religious Views and Attitudes of Kyai-in mosques of North Coast of Java). Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 1069. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9121

Zamhari, A., Han, M. I., & Zulkifli. (2021). Traditional religious authorities in new media: A study of the cariustadz.id platform as an alternative cyber fatwas and da’wah media among the middle-class urban muslims. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(1), 65–88. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i1.20300

Zanuddin, H., & AlYousef, Y. (2018). Terrorist groups online networking tactics: Why Twitter Magnetize the youth of Saudi Arabia? International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), 7(4.28 Special Issue 28), 72–76. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22394

Published

2024-01-15

How to Cite

Wahid, S. H. (2024). Research Insights on Online Fatwas. A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 29(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol29no1.570