Porcine And Bovine-Derived Ingredients: Islamic Rules in Halal Pharmaceutical Products
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol28no3.549Keywords:
Halal, halal pharmaceuticals, porcine, bovine, non-halal ingredientsAbstract
For Muslims, ingesting or utilising any products derived from porcine is forbidden as it is considered unclean. Besides, although bovine is halal to be consumed, this ruling is only applicable if it is slaughtered strictly according to Islamic law (Shari’ah). In view of Islam’s imposing certain restrictions on the consumption of porcine- and bovine-based products, for Muslims who are seeking medication, this could limit their therapeutic options as many pharmaceutical products are sourced from both animals. This will eventually make it difficult for them to get treatment and will endanger their lives. Hence, it is crucial for every Muslim to have knowledge and understanding about the views of Islamic jurists (Fuqaha’) regarding the Islamic rules on pharmaceutical products containing porcine- and bovine-derived ingredients. In this article, a clear narration regarding porcine and bovine-derived pharmaceutical products, accompanied by a review of Islamic rules based on Islamic jurists, is presented.
Downloads
References
Ahmad Sarkawi, A., Abdullah, A., Md. Dali, N., & Mohd Khazani, N., A. (2017). The philosophy of maqasid al-shari’ah and its application in the built environment. Journal of Built Environment, Technology and Engineering 2, 215-222.
Ahmad, K. (2014). Insulin sources and types: a review of insulin in terms of its mode on diabetes mellitus. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 34(2), 234-237.
Ali, E., Sultana, S., Hamid, S. B. A., Hossain, M., Yehya, W. A., Kader, A., Bhargava, S. K. (2017). Gelatin controversies in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products: authentication methods, current status, and future challenges. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(9):1495-1511.
Alipal, J., Mohd Pu’ad, N., A., S., Lee, T., C., Nayan, N., M., H., Sahari, N., Basri, H., Idris, M., I., Abdullah, H., Z. (2021). A review of gelatin: properties, sources, process, applications, and commercialisation. Materials Today: Proceedings, 1-11.
Al-Khadimiy, Nuruddin. (2001). Ilmu al-Maqasid ash-Shariah. Maktabah Obeikan.
Al-Qaradaghi. Ali Muhy al-Din. (2017). Al-Istihalah wa al-Istihlak wa Daurihima fi al-Tathir, Ma’a al-Tatbiqat al-Muasirah.
Al-Syarbini. (1994). al-Iqna’ fi Halli Alfaz Abi Syuja’. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Zayla’iy, Fakh al-Din. (1984). Tabyin al-Haqaiq Sharh Kanz al-Daqaiq wa Hasyiah al-Shalabi. Kaherah: Al-Matbaah al-Kubra al-Amiriyyah.
Arifin, M., A., Mel, M., Abdul Karim, M., I., & Ideris, A. (2010). Production of Newcastle Disease Virus by Vero Cells Grown on Cytodex 1-Microcarriers in a 2-Litre Stirred Tank Bioreactor. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010,586363.
Awang, M., Z., Ab. Halim, M., A., & Dahalan, H., M. (2019). Keperluan clexane dalam perubatan; satu kajian fiqh kontemporari. 5th Muzakarah Fiqh & International Fiqh Conference, 142-155.
Chapman, J., Ismail, A., E., & Dinu, C., Z. (2018). Industrial applications of enzymes: recent advances, techniques, and outlooks. Catalysts, 8(6), 238.
Chak, V., Kumar, D., Visht, S. (2013). A review on collagen based drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices, 4(4), 811-820.
Coppola, D., Oliviero, M., Vitale, G. A., Lauritano, C., D'Ambra, I., Iannace, S., de Pascale, D. (2020). Marine collagen from alternative and sustainable sources: extraction, processing and applications. Marine Drugs, 18(4):214.
Dagasan, S., & Erbas, O. (2020). Insulin structure, function and diabetes models in animals. Journal of Experimental and Basic Medical Sciences, 1(3), 96-101.
EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Bolton, D.J., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies, R., et al. (2020). Scientific Opinion on the potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non-ruminant farmed animals. EFSA Journal, 18(10):6267-68.
European Council for Fatwa and Research (July 1-7, 2003). Final Statement, Eleventh Ordinary Session of the European Council for Fatwa and Research. https://www.e-cfr.org/blog/2017/11/04/eleventh-ordinary-session-european-council-fatwa-research/
Foox, M., & Zilberman M. (2015) Drug delivery from gelatin-based systems. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 12(9), 1547-1563.
Garis Panduan Pengeluaran Fatwa di Malaysia. (2017). Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa MKI Kali Ke-111. http://e-smaf.islam.gov.my/e-smaf/assets/files/garis_panduan/a7e239efb5ffed79171b923ee948c010.pdf
Gomez, P. L., & Robinson, J.M. (2018). Vaccine Manufacturing. Plotkin's Vaccines. 2018:51–60.e1.
Hassanein, M., & Anderson, J. (2021). Refusal of animal-derived medical products in a paediatric setting: ethical issues. Paediatrics & Child Health, 26(2), 99-102.
Hirsch, I.B., Juneja, R., Beals, J.M., Antalis, C.J., Wright, E.E. (2020). The evolution of insulin and how it informs therapy and treatment choices, Endocrine Reviews, 41(5): 733–755.
Ibn al-Naqib, Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin Lu’lu al-Syafi’i. (1982). Umdat al-Salik wa Uddat al-Nasik. Qatar: Al-Shuun al-Diniyyah.
Ibn Taymiyyah. (2005). Majmu’ah al-Fatawa Ibn al-Taymiyyah. (3rd ed., vol. 21.). Egypt. Dar al-Wafa’.
Ismail, A. M., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2022). Moderation in fatwas and ijtihad: an analysis of fatwas issued by the MKI Malaysia concerning the Covid-19 pandemic. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(1), 111-136.
Jamaludin, M., A., Mohd Zaki, N., N., Ramli, M., A., Hashim, D., M., & Ab Rahman, S. (2011). Istihalah: analysis on the utilization of gelatin in food products. 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Historical and Social Sciences, 174-178.
Jamaludin, M., A., Ramli, M., A., Hashim, D., M., & Ab Rahman, S. (2012). Fiqh Istihalah: integration of science and islamic law. Revelation and Science 02(02), 117-123.
Kamour, R., M., Alhaj, H., J., B., Beleed, A., F., Juhaider, M., A., El-Baroudi, Z., Belaid, A., K., & Eswayah, A., M. (2020). Analysis of insulin in pharmaceutical preparations present in Libyan community pharmacies. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(11), 43-50.
Karim, A., & Bhat, R. (2008). Gelatin alternatives for the food industry: recent developments, challenges and prospects. Trend Food Sci. Tech. 19(12), 644–656.
Ketwaroo, G., A., & Graham, D., Y. (2019). Rational use of pancreatic enzymes for pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatic pain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1148, 323–343.
Kouta, A., Jeske, W., Hoppensteadt, D., Iqbal, O., Yao, Y., & Fareed, J. (2019). Comparative pharmacological profiles of various bovine, ovine, and porcine heparins. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 25:1076029619889406.
Kumar, K., M., P., & Bhat, G., K. (2003). Animal insulins - current status. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 23, 6-9.
Landgraf, W., & Sandow, J. (2015). Recombinant human insulins – clinical efficacy and safety in diabetes therapy. European Endocrinology, 12(1), 12-17.
Lindhart, R., J. & Liu, J. (2012). Synthetic heparin. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 12(2), 217–219.
Liu, Z., Ji, S., Sheng, J., & Wang, F. (2014). Pharmacological effects and clinical applications of ultra-low molecular weight heparins. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 8(1), 1-10.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. (2021, November 14). Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor: 14 Tahun 2021 Tentang Hukum Penggunaan Vaksin Covid-19 Produk Astrazeneca.
Malaysian Standard (MS) 2424: 2019 Halal Pharmaceuticals – General Requirements (First revision).
Mamat, Z. (2021). Istihalah dalam fatwa di Malaysia. Journal of Fiqhiyyat, 1(1), 30-38.
Mamat, Z. (2019). Pemakaian kaedah istihlak dan istihalah dalam penentuan produk halal di Malaysia berdasarkan bidangkuasa perundangan dan keputusan hukum Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 15(1), 22-43.
Mardian, Y., Shaw-Shaliba, K., Karyana, M., & Lau, C-Y. (2021) Sharia (Islamic Law) perspectives of COVID-19 vaccines. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, 2:788188.
Mohamad Ros, F., N., A., Abd Rahman, N., Anuar, N., Mohd Ali, J., & Irwan, M., A. (2020). Simulation for production of syariah-compliant influenza vaccine using trypsin and acutase in batch reactor via superpro designer. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 32(4), 707-713.
Mohd Kashim, M., I., A., Abdul Majid, L., Mohd Adnan, A., H., Muhammad Husni, A., Nasohah, Z., Samsudin, M., A., & Yahaya, M., Z. (2015). Principles regarding the use of haram (forbidden) sources in food processing: a critical Islamic analysis. Asian Social Science, 11(22), 17-25.
Mohd Yusof, Z., Z. (2021). The Usage of Porcine Base Anticoagulant During Pregnancy and Puerperium from Fiqh Perspective: Low Molecular Weight Heparin (Lmwh) As A Case Study (Doctoral dissertation).
Mohd Zarif, M., M., Abd Murad, A. H., & Md Yusof, A. F. (2013). The use of forbidden materials in medicinal products: an Islamic perspective. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Health), 05-10.
Nurdeng, D. (2009). Lawful and unlawful foods in Islamic law focus on Islamic medical and ethical aspects. International Food Research Journal, 16:469-478
Oduah, E., I., Linhardt, R., J., & Sharfstein, S., T. (2016). Heparin: past, present, and future. Pharmaceuticals, 9(38), 1-12.
Onishi, A., Ange, K., S., Dordick, J., S., & Linhardt, R., J. (2016). Heparin and anticoagulation. Frontiers in Bioscience, 21(7):1372-92.
Panduan penggunaan ubat-ubatan yang mengandungi unsur tidak halal kepada pesakit muslim di kementerian kesihatan Malaysia. (2018).
Qiu, M., Huang, S., Luo, C., Wu, Z., Liang, B., Huang, H., Ci, Z., Zhang, D., Han, L., & Lin, J. (2021). Pharmacological and clinical application of heparin progress: an essential drug for modern medicine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 139, 1-17.
Quianzon, C. C., & Cheikh, I. (2012). History of insulin. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 16;2(2)
Rosman, A., S., Khan, A., Ahmad Fadzillah, N., Samat @ Darawi, A., B., Hehsan, A., Hassan, A., M., Ghazali, M., A., & Haron, Z. (2020). Fatwa debate on porcine derivatives in vaccine from the concept of physical and chemical transformation (istihalah) in Islamic jurisprudence and science. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(7), 1037-1045.
Riggs, A.D. (2021). Making, cloning, and the expression of human insulin genes in bacteria: the path to humulin. Endocrine Reviews, 42(3), 374–380.
Saha, T., Rifat, T. & Shimanto, S. (2019). Prospects of halal pharmaceuticals. Asian Journal of Ethnopharmacology and Medicinal Foods, 5(2), 17–23.
Sandow,J., Landgraf, W., Becker, R., & Seipke, G. (2015). Equivalent recombinant human insulin preparations and their place in therapy. European Endocrinology, 11(1), 10-16.
Sangeetha, K., Jisha Kumari, A. V., Radha, E., & Sudha, P., N. (2020). Pharmaceutical applications of collagen. Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 3, 62-92,
Silvipriya,K., S., Kumar, K., K., Bhat, A., R., Kumar, B., D., John, A., & Lakshmanan, P. (2015). Collagen: animal sources and biomedical application. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5 (3), 123-127.
UAE Fatwa Council: covid vaccine use allowed according to Islamic laws. (2020, December 23). Khaleej Times. https://perma.cc/BA6D-LHKV
Vaidya, V., Agnihotri, S., Dhere, R., Muley, R., Patil, S., Patil, A., & Panse, A. (2016). Use of recombinant trypsin in production of vaccine against measles and rubella. International Journal of Current Research, 8(2), 26136-26141.
Wan Chik, W., M., Y., & Ali, A., K. (2015). Konsep al-Ta’abudiyyah dan kepentingannya dalam hukum Islam semasa. Jurnal Usuluddin 41, 1-20.
Wan Muhammad, R., Alias, F., Kassim, P., N., J., & Hussin, N. (2016). The doctrine of sanctity of life from the Islamic perspective. Al-Shajarah, 21(1), 23-48.
Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. (1980). The lawful and the prohibited in Islam (al-Halal wal haram fil Islam). Indianapolis: American Trust Publications.
Zainul Abidin, M., A. (2019). Istihalah Khinzir (Perubahan Sifat Bahan yang Berasal dari Khinzir).
Zieliński, M., Romanik-Chruścielewska, A., Mikiewicz, D., Łukasiewicz, N., Sokołowska, I., Jarosław, A., Sobolewska-Ruta, A., Bierczyńska-Krzysik, A., Zaleski, P., & Płucienniczak, A. (2019). Expression and purification of recombinant human insulin from E. coli 20 strain. Protein Expression and Purification, 157, 63–69.
Zuhayli, Wahbah. (1997). al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh. (Vol. 1). Damsyik: Dar Al-Fikr.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohd Hafidz Mahamad Maifiah, Wan Nur Ezzah Syahirah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.