Legal Barriers And Women’s Rights In Muslim Marriages: Shariah Lawyers' Thoughts On Emotional Abuse In Terengganu

Nurul Farhana  Azmi; Kauthar Razali; Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus Wan Khairuldin; Norazilawati  Abd Wahab; Nurshuhada  Mohamed; Wan Nur Izzati  Wan Nor Anas; Azarudin Awang; Abdul Mufid

doi:10.33102/jfatwa.vol31no1.764

Authors

Nurul Farhana Azmi Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7645-3769
Kauthar Razali Faculty of General Studies and Advanced Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-0440
Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus Wan Khairuldin Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Norazilawati Abd Wahab Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Nurshuhada Mohamed Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Wan Nur Izzati Wan Nor Anas Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Azarudin Awang Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 23000, Dungun, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Abdul Mufid Institut Agama Islam Khozinatul Ulum, Blora, Jawa Tengah 58214, INDONESIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol31no1.764

Keywords:

Emotional Abuse, Ihdad, fatwa, working women, Islamic family law, support model, women’s rights, fasakh, shariah courts

Abstract

Increasing mental health concerns in Malaysia have intensified the focus on emotional harm within marriage, specifically cumulative and private abuse that lacks physical evidence. This study investigates the legal and procedural barriers faced by women seeking fasakh (divorce) on grounds of emotional abuse within the Shariah court system of Terengganu. Despite Terengganu recording the highest score in the Malaysia Happiness Index 2024 (8.64), psychological harms remain a hidden challenge. Adopting a mixed-method design, the research analyzed a cross-sectional survey of 31 Shariah lawyers via SPSS and performed a structured content analysis of 33 fasakh case documents. The findings reveal three critical challenges to women's rights: (1) evidentiary limitations and social stigma that complicate the burden of proof; (2) legal ambiguity in the framing of emotional abuse leading to inconsistent judicial outcomes; and (3) a lack of integrated psychological support within court processes. The study concludes that to protect women's matrimonial rights, there is an urgent need for clearer operational guidelines on emotional abuse, enhanced procedural directions for non-physical evidence, and strengthened court-linked psychological referral pathways.

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