علاقة المشابهة بين الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل عند الأصوليين: دراسة تأصيلية في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة The Similarity Between Ijtihād, Qiyās, and Taʿlīl: A Foundational Study in Light of the Objectives of Sharīʿah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol31no1.755Keywords:
Jurisprudential Ijtihād, legal analogy, Sharīʿah reasoning, Objectives of Sharīʿah, الاجتهاد الفقهي, القياس الأصولي, التعليل الشرعي, مقاصد الشريعةAbstract
يعدّ الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل من أبرز أدوات الاستنباط الفقهي التي اعتمدها علماء أصول الفقه في بناء الأحكام الشرعية، وقد نشأت بينها علاقة مفهومية ومنهجية متداخلة، أثارت جدلًا واسعًا في التراث الأصولي، خاصة في تحديد طبيعة كون القياس فعل اجتهادي محض أو دليلا مستقلا. ينطلق هذا البحث من دراسة تأصيلية لعلاقة المشابهة بين هذه المفاهيم الثلاثة، من خلال تحليل أقوال الإمام الشافعي وغيره من الأصوليين، واستقراء مناهج المدارس الأصولية في التعامل معها، بهدف إزالة اللبس الاصطلاحي، وتوضيح الوظيفة المنهجية لكل منها .ويهدف البحث إلى بيان أوجه التشابه والتداخل بين الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل، وإبراز أثر هذه العلاقة في تفعيل المقاصد الشرعية ضمن الفروع الفقهية، من خلال تصور تطبيقي يوازن بين النص والاجتهاد، ويعزز من فاعلية الفكر الأصولي في معالجة المستجدات الفقهية. وقد اعتمد البحث المنهج التأصيلي التحليلي، مع قراءة مقارنة للمصادر الأصولية التراثية، وتوظيف القياس الواسع كمدخل لفهم العلاقة بين هذه الأدوات في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة.
Islamic legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) provides the methodological foundation for deriving rulings and regulating juristic reasoning. Among its core tools, ijtihād, qiyās, and taʿlīl exhibit a complex conceptual and methodological overlap that has sparked extensive debate, particularly regarding whether qiyās should be viewed as a purely ijtihād-based act or an independent source of law. This study addresses the problem of terminological and functional ambiguity among these tools and its impact on the application of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah in contemporary contexts. It introduces an innovative approach by employing the concept of analogy to explore their interrelationship, analyzing al-Shāfiʿī’s foundational views and surveying the methodologies of major uṣūlī schools. Through a comparative and analytical framework, the research proposes a practical model that balances textual fidelity with maqāṣid-oriented reasoning. The implications of this study lie in clarifying methodological ambiguities and establishing a maqāṣid-driven paradigm for legal reasoning, opening new avenues for developing and regulating ijtihād in line with modern challenges.
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