Penyeragaman Fatwa Berhubung Isu-Isu Wakaf di Malaysia: Satu Sorotan Awal
Standardisation of Fatwa Regarding Waqf Issues in Malaysia: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol9no1.42Abstract
Waqf is a part of the field in Islamic jurisprudence related to economic affairs of Muslims. It is derived from hadith of Ibn Umar that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ordered to invest the original property, or waqf, and profits generated will be distributed in the form of donation. In other words, this hadith consists of two components whereby the waqf will remain permanent and used only for investment, and profits generated will be used for the benefits of others. Based on this hadith, fiqh development of the waqf has grown rapidly, which not only involves immovable property but are now more beginning to involve movable property. Issues related to fiqh and waqf fatwa commonly discussed include permissibility of istibdal waqf property, waqf of movable property, cash waqf and temporary waqf (mu'aqqat) such as those involving real estate lease-holds. With regards to these issues, different opinions on the permissibility of such waqf have emerged and questions arise in the enactment of legislation about waqf property. This is because from the perspective of governance, to ensure that the enforcement of waqf laws are consistent throughout the countries, there is a need to draw out a set of clear guidelines to be followed despite a wide range of different opinions. Based on these questions, a study will be conducted in Malaysia to investigate the situation of fiqh differences concerning waqf, the possibility of generating one standardised guideline among all states regarding waqf and fatwas, and its implementation in Malaysia. This research will be conducted qualitatively by referencing the debates in the books of fiqh, legal provisions and circulars related to administrative law of waqf property. The study will investigate the issues that have resulted in different views concerning waqf and methods to harmonise these waqf fatwa by finding an appropriate middle way (rajih). This is to ensure that the views underpinning the legislation of fatwa and legislation will be justifiable, uniform among all states and acceptable to all parties.
Keywords: endowments, khilaf, fatwa, standardisation, law.
Abstrak
Wakaf adalah merupakan sebahagian antara bidang dalam perundangan Islam yang berkaitan dengan hal ehwal ekonomi umat Islam. Pensyariatan wakaf adalah berasal daripada hadith Ibnu Umar di mana Rasulullah SAW memerintahkan supaya ditahan asal harta dan disedekahkan hasilnya. Hadith ini menghasilkan dua elemen dalam harta wakaf iaitu harta yang kekal dan manfaat yang boleh dinikmati daripadanya. Berasaskan hadith ini, perkembangan fekah mengenai wakaf telah berkembang dengan pesat yang bukan sahaja melibatkan harta tak alih tetapi kini meluas sehingga melibatkan harta alih. Antara isu yang biasa dibincangkan berkaitan dengan fekah dan fatwa wakaf ialah keharusan istibdal harta wakaf, wakaf dengan harta alih, wakaf dengan wang tunai dan wakaf yang dilakukan untuk sementara waktu (mu’aqqat) seperti yang melibatkan hartanah lease-hold. Bertitik tolak daripada perbahasan-perbahasan ini, terdapat pelbagai pandangan di kalangan mufti mengenai isu-isu wakaf sehingga menimbulkan pelbagai pandangan untuk digubal dalam undang-undang mengenai harta wakaf. Ini kerana dalam pentadbiran dan pengurusan, hanya satu pandangan yang dipilih untuk dimasukkan sebagai pandangan yang diterimapakai untuk pelaksanaan bagi memastikan pentadbiran undang-undang dilaksanakan dengan teratur dan konsisten. Berasaskan kepelbagaian pandangan ini, kajian akan dilakukan dalam situasi di Malaysia bagi menyelidik kedudukan perbezaan pandangan fuqaha’ dalam hal ehwal wakaf, penyeragaman pandangan dan fatwa, serta pelaksanaannya di Malaysia. Penyelidikan ini akan dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan merujuk kepada perbahasan kitab-kitab fekah, peruntukan undang-undang dan pekeliling yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang pentadbiran harta wakaf. Oleh itu, penyelidik akan menyelidik isu-isu yang menyebabkan berlakunya perbezaan pandangan tersebut dan kaedah untuk mengharmonikan fatwa wakaf ini dengan mengenal pasti pendapat yang paling kuat dari sudut dalil dan maslahah (rajih). Ini bagi memastikan pandangan yang dipilih untuk fatwa dan penggubalan undang-undang menjadi kuat dan kukuh, seragam antara semua negeri dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak.
Kata kunci: wakaf, khilaf, fatwa, penyeragaman, undang-undang.
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