Journal of Fatwa Management and Research
Journal title Jurnal Pengurusan Dan Penyelidikan Fatwa Journal of Fatwa Management and Research Initials JFATWA ISSN 2232-1047 (Printed) eISSN 0127-8886 (online) Frequency January, May and September DOI Prefix 10.33102/jfatwa- Crossref linked Editor-in-chief Professor Dr. Azman Ab Rahman , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Managing Editor Dr. Hussein 'Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi , ChM Dzulfadli Rosli , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Publisher USIM Press Citation Analysis Scopus | Google Scholar Peer Review Double Blind Review JURNAL PENGURUSAN DAN PENYELIDIKAN FATWA (JFATWA), also known as The Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, engages a broad readership with its interdisciplinary approach to all vital themes related to Fatwa and Halal research. The journal examines issues that cross both academic and international frontiers, showcasing research with wide-reaching implications. Guided by a distinguished editorial board and selected peer reviewers, JFATWA is committed to fostering essential, contemporary dialogues in the fields of Fatwa and Halal studies. It eagerly invites innovative ideas and research directions in related areas. Beginning January 1, 2022, JFATWA is published three times a year by the Institut Fatwa dan Halal (IFFAH) at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). The journal stands as a crucial resource for scholars, regulatory authorities, and experts in Syariah, Fatwa, and Halal fields. The journal's editorial team is dedicated to fostering an environment of open and rigorous discourse and invites contributions from various disciplines. These contributions may employ different research methodologies and originate from diverse global perspectives. The journal also encourages the submission of original works in Malay, English, and Arabic, which must be previously unpublished and not under consideration by other publications. Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts relevant to the scope of JFATWA. It is crucial to familiarize yourself with our peer-review process; articles undergo a rigorous double-blind review to maintain the highest standards of scholarly integrity. Acceptance of manuscripts is contingent upon the recommendations of peer reviewers and the final approval of the Editorial Board. Additionally, authors must adhere strictly to the author guidelines and manuscript template provided on our website. Submissions that do not conform to these guidelines or that deviate from the specified format will be rejected by the editorial team prior to review. Only manuscripts that meet these formatting standards will be considered for publication. The electronic manuscript submissions can be uploaded via https://jfatwa.usim.edu.my/index.php/jfatwa/submission/wizard Manuscripts and any related correspondence must be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief through our online submission system (OJS). This journal utilizes the LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archival systems, hosted by Stanford University Libraries in the United Kingdom, under the PKP Private LOCKSS and CLOCKSS Network program. To uphold the highest community standards in archival practices, JFATWA conforms to the Sherpa Romeo archiving standards.
The copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.
Hyena: From the Perspective of Animal Physiology and its Impact on Jurists’ Disagreement
This study examines the taxonomy and physiological characteristics of hyena species, drawing from specialized scientific literature. It also investigates Islamic legal texts on the permissibility of consuming hyena meat, presenting the spectrum of jurisprudential opinions. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research combines descriptive and analytical approaches to derive informed conclusions. Scientifically, hyenas are classified into four species: three are carnivorous predators with powerful jaws and aggressive scavenging behaviors, while the fourth—Proteles cristata (aardwolf)—feeds primarily on termites, larvae, and small rodents. Islamic scholars hold divergent views regarding the consumption of hyena meat. Proponents of permissibility rely on ẓannī (probabilistic) textual evidence, whereas opponents cite qatʿī (definitive) sources that prohibit the consumption of fanged predators. This divergence may be reconciled by acknowledging the taxonomic differences among hyena species. The study posits that the hyena referenced in early Islamic texts most likely refers to the aardwolf, a species that does not exhibit typical predatory behavior. Furthermore, the claim that hyenas are hybrids of wolves is scientifically unfounded, as such hybridization would result in offspring retaining heightened predatory instincts, not insectivorous feeding patterns. The study underscores the relevance of integrating scientific taxonomy into Islamic legal reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taher Mohammed Abdo Sulaiman Al-Ahdal, Omar Abdullah Kolaib, Wan Mohd Yusof Wan Chik, Ahmad Iqbal Mohd Fadzli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fiqh Al-Muwazanah In Dealing With Interfaith Marriage In European Muslim Minority Context
This paper aims to apply the concept of fiqh al-Muwazanah on the issue of interfaith marriages among Muslims that widely occur in non-Muslim majority countries, especially the Western world. Two cases discussed among scholars regarding their permissibility are analyzed: A Muslim man who marries an ahl al-Kitab woman and a new convert wife without her husband whose marriage has already been established. Even though both issues have been discussed within classical and contemporary works, a new Muslim minority context may require some considerations. Thus, by applying fiqh al-Muwazanah, this study analyses the weighing of maslahah and mafsadah for both issues. A qualitative research method will be employed to achieve this objective by interviewing selected local muftis and scholars. It was found that maslahah is significantly considered by muftis and scholars when dealing with both issues, especially the maslahah of religion and family. While both cases have different views among scholars, they share similarities in terms of considering maslahah must be in accordance with priority, the application must be based on a case-to-case basis, and the potential of da’wah is the central pillar for both permissibility. Despite the limited number of interviewees, this study provides rigorous analysis by referring to related literature, practical discussion, and recommendations on both issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat Ishak, Nur Syahirah Mohammad Nasir, Abdulmajeed M. R. Aderemi, Huzaifa Aliyu Jangebe, Halimaton Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Model Of Fiqh Al-Ṭahārah For The Indigenous Muslim Community In Malaysia: A Fuzzy Delphi Application On The Issue Of Food Containers And Kitchen Utensils Contaminated By Najāsah Al-Khinzīr
This study aims to develop a model of fiqh al-ṭahārah that is culturally sensitive and practically applicable to the Indigenous Muslim (Orang Asli) community in Malaysia, with specific emphasis on the purification of food containers and kitchen utensils contaminated by najāsah al-khinzīr (porcine impurity). The research addresses the challenges faced by Muslim converts within the Orang Asli community, who often find certain fiqh rulings difficult to observe due to cultural incompatibilities and the communal reality of living with non-Muslim family members. These challenges necessitate the formulation of a fiqh framework that embodies the principles of ease (taysīr), is grounded in sound Islamic jurisprudence, and accommodates the socio-cultural context of the community. The study employs a quantitative research approach using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) to gain expert consensus. A panel comprising Islamic legal scholars and daʿwah practitioners with experience working among the Orang Asli was consulted to evaluate the suitability of various jurisprudential views. The findings indicate strong consensus among experts in favour of the majority opinion which permits purification by washing until the physical traces of impurity are removed, without requiring seven washes with soil. This approach aligns with the maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, promotes inclusivity and facilitates the practice of Islam among marginalised Muslim communities. The proposed model is expected to resolve ongoing purification-related dilemmas, strengthen Islamic practice among Orang Asli Muslims and enhance the effectiveness of daʿwah to non-Muslim family members. This study also contributes to the broader discourse on contextual fiqh for minority Muslim communities and invites further exploration into jurisprudential adaptation in multicultural settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paiz Hassan, Mohd Anuar Ramli, Zulkefli Aini, Muhammad Yusri Yusof @ Salleh, Muhd Imran Abd Razak, Mohd Zahirwan Halim Zainal Abidin, Muhammad Syazwan Faiz Shahrom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment Framework Of Zakat On Real Estate Property Developers In Malaysia
This study aims to develop a more appropriate and equitable zakat assessment framework for real estate property developers in Malaysia by considering the differing operational realities between formally registered companies (Sdn. Bhd. or Berhad) and small-scale property developers operating individually. The property sector plays a significant role in Malaysia’s economic growth. However, existing zakat guidelines are predominantly based on manufacturing and production models, which emphasize inventory in the form of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. This approach does not reflect the nature of the property development business, where the core assets consist of land, completed houses, and buildings. This study adopts a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured interviews with nine informants comprising academics, industry experts, zakat officers, and both formal and informal property developers. Informants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure their expertise and experience in the subject of zakat for property businesses. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key similarities, differences, and emerging themes in the assessment of zakat on real estate ventures. Findings show a unanimous consensus among informants on the obligation of zakat on property development activities, as such ventures are categorized as ‘urud tijarah (trading assets). However, it was strongly emphasized that current zakat accounting frameworks fail to address the operational distinctions of property developers. For formal developers, zakat assessment should include current assets such as completed property inventories (buildings, houses, land lots), accounts receivable (net of doubtful debts), short-term investments, fixed deposits, and company cash holdings. Allowable current liabilities include payables, short-term borrowings, lease liabilities, outstanding taxes, and non-Shariah compliant income that must be excluded from zakat calculations. In contrast, small-scale developers are only liable for zakat upon the sale of the property and the realization of profit. Assessable assets include only the proceeds from property sales, while deductible liabilities include costs such as land development, labor, legal fees, licensing, and annual land taxes. This exception aligns with the Maliki school of thought, which considers such developers as tajir al-mutarabbis thereby granting them zakat relief by requiring payment only after the property is sold and zakat conditions are fulfilled.
Abdul Aziz Mohammed Abd Allah Al-Shibany
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fathullah Al-Haq Muhamad Asni, Ahmad Yusairi Yusli, Abdul Aziz Mohammed Abd Allah Al-Shibany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengurusan Fatwa Dalam Krisis Di Malaysia: Strategi Dan Cabaran Semasa Pandemik Covid-19
The year 2020 marked a dark chapter in world history as the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped social, economic, and religious norms. In this context, fatwa institutions in Malaysia played a crucial role in providing religious guidance aligned with the new norms and public health regulations. However, the fatwas issued during this period faced resistance, causing unease within society as religious activities had to be modified or restricted to comply with pandemic-related restrictions. This study aims to analyze the strategies and methods employed by fatwa institutions in disseminating fatwa information throughout the Movement Control Order (MCO) and the COVID-19 pandemic phases. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing document analysis and in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted with informants from the Selangor Mufti Department, the Federal Territories Mufti Office, and the Perak Mufti Department to obtain up-to-date information on the strategies implemented to enhance public understanding, acceptance, and compliance with issued fatwas. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that fatwa institutions have adapted various strategies to optimize fatwa dissemination, including issuing COVID-19-related fatwas, leveraging digital platforms and social media, publishing scholarly writings, and delivering messages through Friday sermons. This study contributes to the discourse on fatwa management by providing insights into the effectiveness of fatwa dissemination strategies during crises. These findings are expected to assist fatwa institutions in formulating more effective strategies for future fatwa challenges and enhancing public engagement in fatwa compliance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zaki Ramle, Mohd Anuar Ramli, Nor Fahimah Mohd Razif, Mohd Harifadilah Rosidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tort Litigation Versus Mediation in Medico-Legal Disputes: Evaluating The Limits Of Mediation and Proposals for Reform
Mediation has increasingly been promoted as an alternative to litigation in resolving medico-legal disputes. A substantial body of literature critiques the adversarial nature of tort litigation, particularly the evidentiary burdens imposed on patients, the emotional toll of courtroom proceedings, and systemic delays that undermine access to justice. In contrast, mediation is praised for its efficiency, confidentiality, and potential to facilitate amicable settlements in a less confrontational setting. However, despite growing advocacy for mediation, there remains a notable gap in academic discourse concerning its structural limitations especially in the context of medical negligence. This paper addresses that gap by critically examining the current use of mediation in Malaysia and Indonesia, two jurisdictions with distinct legal traditions but similar institutional challenges. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology combined with comparative analysis, this study systematically reviews statutory frameworks, case law, and institutional practices to evaluate the practical effectiveness of mediation in resolving medical negligence disputes. Scholarly literatures are also analysed to uncover recurring procedural and structural shortcomings. The paper argues that while mediation holds considerable promise, it often provides only the illusion of resolution due to the non-binding and unenforceable nature of its outcomes. In cases where patient harm is severe and power imbalances are pronounced, such weaknesses may leave injured parties without meaningful remedy. As a key contribution, the paper proposes several targeted reforms: (1) the introduction of mandatory mediation for appropriate medical cases; (2) the establishment of specialised medico-legal mediation panels; and (3) the granting of legal enforceability to mediated settlements through court registration. These reforms are essential to strengthen public trust in mediation and to ensure it delivers real, enforceable justice in the sensitive context of medical harm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Farahiyah Ab Rahim, Anggraeni Endah Kusumaningrum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Halal Awareness In Contemporary Muslim Societies: A Systematic Review of Scopus-Indexed Studies
This study presents a systematic review of global research on halal awareness conducted between 2012 and 2024. Halal awareness is defined as the level of consumer understanding and recognition of halal principles, encompassing production processes, ingredient selection, and the significance of halal certification in compliance with Islamic guidelines. Utilizing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, the analysis combines bibliometric and qualitative methods, employing NVivo 12 Plus for thematic mapping and trend analysis. The review synthesizes findings from major international databases to assess research trends, thematic focus, and geographical distribution. The results demonstrate a substantial increase in academic attention to halal awareness, with publication activity reaching its highest point in 2022. Southeast Asian countries, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia, are identified as primary contributors to the field. The literature is categorized into four main themes: determinants of halal awareness, its influence on consumer behavior, its role across industrial sectors, and its progression in various national contexts. Major drivers of halal awareness include consumer education, social influences, and regulatory policies. The study underscores the growing importance of halal awareness among both Muslim and non-Muslim consumers, evidenced by rising global demand for halal-certified products in sectors such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and tourism. This review offers a comprehensive resource for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, and highlights opportunities for future research in areas such as non-food industries and digital innovations to improve halal supply chain transparency and consumer literacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azhar Alam, Aliifa Reza Fuadati, Azizah Fathma, Nadhirah Nordin, Ihtisham Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis Study Of The Fatwa Indonesia Ulema Council (MUI) On Boycotting Israel Products With The I’tibār Al-Maalāt Theoretical Approach
The Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwa on boycotting Israeli products is one of the religious responses to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that invites Muslims not to buy or use products that support the state of Israel. This study aims to analyse the fatwa through the perspective of I’tibār Ma'ālāt al-'Af'āl, which is a concept in Islamic law that considers the long-term impact or consequences of an action. In this study, it is argued that this fatwa has positive consequences in the form of economic pressure on Israel and strengthening Muslim solidarity with Palestine. However, there are also potential negative impacts that need to be considered, such as the economic effects for consumers in Indonesia and the effectiveness of the boycott if it is not followed globally. Through of I’tibār Ma'ālāt al-'Af'āl analysis, this study emphasises the importance of balancing the objectives and impacts of boycott actions, as well as the need for continuous evaluation to ensure that the positive impacts of this fatwa can be optimally achieved. The results of this study are expected to provide insights for decision-makers and Muslims in implementing the fatwa by considering the wider consequences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Rachmadhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengukuhan Pengaksesan Kewangan Perusahaan Mikro Melalui Kerangka Pendanaan Awam Islamik
Micro-enterprises play an important role as the backbone of economic growth in Terengganu. Although their contribution to positive economic development is significant, empirical studies show that this sector faces challenges in accessing external financing to sustain their operations. Consequently, there is a need for an innovative alternative financing mechanisms to improve micro-enterprises’ access to external capital. This study examines the external financial challenges encountered by micro-enterprises, proposes Islamic crowdfunding as a sustainable source of financing, and assesses the readiness of micro-enterprises towards the proposed model. The findings indicate that micro-enterprises face various financial constraints, including high interest rates, stringent documentation requirements, demanding collateral conditions, insufficient financing amounts, lengthy loan durations, and the inherent nature of their businesses. The findings reveal a generally positive level of readiness among micro-enterprises, with a stronger preference for donation- and reward-based Islamic crowdfunding models. Moreover, the results indicate that if Islamic crowdfunding can stimulate local economic activity and support the provision of business capital, it will significantly enhance micro-enterprises’ willingness to adopt it. In turn, these insights can help the Terengganu state government craft more sustainable and viable financing strategies to support micro-enterprises in securing external funds. The study also positions Terengganu to become a pioneering state in empowering micro-enterprises through an Islamic crowdfunding approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Asmy Mohd Thas Thaker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Skin Bank In Malaysia: Addressing Clinical Demands Through Islamic Shariah Perspectives
Human skin transplantation plays a critical role in modern medical practice, particularly in the treatment of burn injuries, chronic wounds, and dermatological conditions. The establishment of human skin banks has revolutionised the accessibility and quality of skin grafts for these applications. However, the operation of these banks, particularly in regions with a significant Muslim population like Malaysia, raises ethical and Islamic legal questions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the role and significance of human skin banks in modern medical practice, address the medical needs that human skin banks fulfil, delves the ethical and legal dimensions of their operation in accordance with Islamic principles. The study used a library-based methodology and collected data from various sources, including books, websites, and journals. A review of existing literature is conducted to understand the medical importance of skin banks and to explore the existing legal and ethical frameworks. Legal analyses are performed to determine the alignment of human skin banking with Islamic legal principles. The finding highlights the importance of aligning human skin banks with Islamic principles to ensure ethical and legal acceptability in order to implement human skin banks. It emphasises the need for comprehensive guidelines and legal frameworks that respect the rights and values of donors and recipients while integrating skin banking into the healthcare system. This review contributes to the discourse on the operation of human skin banks in predominantly Muslim regions, addressing ethical and legal concerns. It provides valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and scholars seeking to harmonise medical needs with Islamic principles. The expanding field of medical technology should be taken advantage of in order to safeguard the Maqasid of Sharia, especially all the concepts of Daruriyat, Hajiyat, and Tahsiniyat.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Rafiqi Hehsan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sex and Gender Identifications in the View of Islam and Western Thought
Contemporary debates on gender identity reveal a fundamental divergence between Islamic and Western perspectives, creating significant theoretical and practical tensions in addressing gender ambiguity. Islam upholds a binary framework where biological sex determines gender identity, while Western thought increasingly separates sex from gender, recognizing gender as a social construct independent of biological markers. This ideological divide raises critical issues regarding gender dysphoria management, gender transition legitimacy, and accommodation of gender-variant individuals within different societal frameworks. This study conducts a comparative analysis of Islamic jurisprudence and Western gender theory through qualitative content analysis of religious texts, scholarly works, medical literature, and policy documents to examine how each tradition addresses gender identification conflicts. The research investigates theoretical foundations and practical applications of both approaches to gender-related disorders and identity crises. Key findings reveal that while Islam maintains consistent binary classifications rooted in biological determinism since the Quranic era, it demonstrates flexibility in addressing intersex conditions through established jurisprudential mechanisms. Despite fundamental philosophical differences, the study concludes that potential convergence areas exist between Islamic principles and certain medical interventions, suggesting possibilities for nuanced dialogue rather than absolute opposition in addressing contemporary gender identity challenges and fostering cross-cultural understanding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Akram Mahmad Robbi, Sayyed Mohamed Muhsin, Mohamad Mohiuddin Mahi, Mohd Fuad Md. Sawari, Khairul Fahmi Jamaludin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mudharabah Instrument Via an Integrated Waqf–Equity Crowdfunding Model For Sustainable Blended Financing In Malaysia
This study aims to develop a new model of mudharabah blended financing through integration between waqf fund and equity-based crowdfunding in Malaysia. Since this study is exploratory in nature, it is designed based on qualitative research methodology. The data is based on semi-structured interviews with related experts and practitioners in Shariah, crowdfunding, and State Religious Islamic Councils (SRICs). The findings reveal that mudharabah might be risky as the crowdfunding instrument and waqf-based financing. Nevertheless, both can be integrated as a blended instrument to enhance the efficiency of mudharabah and minimize its risks. Through this model, the waqf fund and investors can join to support potential business projects through an equity-based crowdfunding platform. Through the platform, business owners can convince investors and waqf fund managers about their projects, and their progress can be efficiently monitored to minimize the risk. This study proposes a new working model of mudharabah blended financing through an integration between waqf fund and equity-based crowdfunding. This model can empower entrepreneurs to operate their businesses with greater autonomy, creativity, and accountability as well as contributes to the sustainability of waqf fund. While this study is an exploratory on a potential model from Shariah's perspective, its findings may not be generalized into other aspects. Moreover, this study is limited to Malaysia, which has a unique legal framework on waqf administration. Nevertheless, a new practical model of mudharabah blended financing is proposed through the findings and discussion of this study. This model can be applied with a strategic collaboration between the Security Commission as a regulator for the crowdfunding market and SRICs as the sole authority on waqf in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat Ishak, Abdulmajeed M.R. Aderemi, Nur Rasyidah Kamaruzaman, Mohd Izuwan Mohd Izuwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dental Disease Treatment In The Tib Manuscript MSS2515 Via Halal Material Usage
Dental diseases such as caries, periodontal conditions, and oral infections have historically posed significant health challenges, influencing overall well-being and quality of life. While modern dentistry has advanced substantially, traditional medical texts like the Tib manuscript MSS2515 offer valuable insights into sustainable and ethical treatment approaches. This manuscript is a cornerstone of traditional medicine, documenting various ailments and their treatments with a focus on natural, culturally aligned, and halal-compliant materials. Rooted in Islamic teachings, halal principles emphasize purity, cleanliness, and ethical integrity, making them increasingly relevant in modern healthcare practices, particularly in addressing the ethical and religious concerns of diverse populations. This study investigates the treatments for dental diseases described in the Tib manuscript MSS2515, focusing on halal-compliant materials. It explores the integration of these historical remedies into contemporary dentistry, highlighting their potential for sustainability, biocompatibility, and cultural sensitivity. The research underscores the manuscript’s emphasis on ethical considerations and its relevance to modern global healthcare challenges. By analysing the materials and methods documented in the manuscript, the study identifies natural and effective alternatives to conventional dental treatments, such as bone grafts and adhesives, which often face scrutiny for their halal status. This multidisciplinary approach bridges the gap between traditional and modern medicine, fostering an inclusive understanding of how historical practices can inform future advancements. Ultimately, the research contributes to a broader dialogue on culturally sensitive and environmentally responsible healthcare solutions, inspiring innovation and inclusivity in dental science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Bazli Ahmad Hilmi, Nazariyah Yahaya, Liyana Amalina Adnan, Zulkarnin Zakaria, Muhammad Hakim Kamal, Nur Nadia Fadhlina Daman Huri, Nurdalila A'wani Abd Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role and Responsibilities of Halal Executives in Food Manufacturing in Malaysia: A Qualitative Study
The halal certification application process in Malaysia is not a rocket science, it can be smooth and straightforward if guided by competent Halal Executives (HEs) with a strong understanding of the requirements outlined in guidelines and standards such as MS1500:2019, the Malaysian Manual Procedure for Halal Certification 2020 (MPPHM 2020), and the Malaysian Halal Management System 2020 (MHMS 2020). Despite the importance of Halal Executives to the food manufacturing halal system, a gap exists in stakeholders' understanding of their roles and responsibilities. This study addresses this gap by exploring the roles and responsibilities of HEs in halal food manufacturing (HFM), providing practical guidance to support them in their halal industry management role. We employed qualitative analysis to interpret informant narratives and used thematic analysis to analyze the interview data and extract themes. The research method used was qualitative phenomenological research, and the data was collected through an in-depth interview which was consist of 18 informants (practitioners and experts) from food manufacturing companies in Klang Valley and academic institutes. The analysis revealed four themes: (i) training and education, (ii) establishing and sustaining the halal system, (iii) certification management, and (iv) stakeholders’ coordination. By using their knowledge, skills, and experience, competent Halal Executives can contribute to the development of food manufacturing in Malaysia by addressing challenges and providing feasible solutions to emerging issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Shamira Jamil Nasri, Anis Najiha Ahmad, Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Penyenaraian Haiwan Menerusi Kitab Kasyf Al-Litham 'An As-Ilah Al-Anam Karya Syeikh Zainul Abidin Bin Muhammad Al-Fatani Menurut Perspektif Halal Dan Haram
Karya Melayu klasik atau kitab jawi yang dikarang oleh ulama terdahulu memainkan peranan yang sangat penting sebagai sumber rujukan terhadap setiap permasalahan hukum yang berlaku dalam kalangan umat Islam. Permasalahan tersebut termasuk segala hal yang berkaitan ibadat, mu’amalat, jinayat, munakahat serta aspek pemakanan halal dan haram. Kitab Kasyf al-Litham ‘An As-Ilah al-Anam karya Syeikh Zainul Abidin bin Muhammad Al-Fatani merupakan salah sebuah kitab yang membincangkan tentang bab makanan yang halal dan haram melibatkan pelbagai kategori haiwan. Bagaimanapun, masih terdapat sejumlah spesis haiwan yang kurang jelas maksudnya bagi masyarakat moden disebabkan oleh penggunaan istilah klasik. Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis haiwan halal dan haram dimakan yang terdapat dalam kitab Kasyf al-Litham serta mengklasifikasikannya mengikut kategori haiwan beserta justifikasi. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah dokumentasi dan dianalisis secara analisis tekstual terhadap spesies haiwan yang telah dinyatakan dalam karya tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat sembilan kategori utama haiwan yang telah disenaraikan di dalam kitab Kasyf al-Litham, melibatkan 157 spesis. Terdapat juga istilah haiwan yang kurang jelas disebabkan oleh faktor seperti penggunaan istilah klasik jawi dan Arab. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat kepada seluruh masyarakat dan agensi tertentu terutama sebagai rujukan dalam bab haiwan halal dan haram dalam Islam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Mahyeddin Mohd Salleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mekanisma Dan Analisis Skim Agihan Zakat Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Mengikut Maqasid Syariah
Zakat serves as a primary mechanism to strengthen community empowerment and reduce poverty gaps in addressing contemporary economic challenges. Each distribution scheme must be assessed to meet the needs of asnaf (eligible beneficiaries) based on maqasid syariah (Islamic objectives), which encompass the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. This study discusses the concept of maqasid syariah according to Islamic scholars and analyzes zakat distribution schemes provided to asnaf, comprising students and staff at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), through the lens of maqasid syariah. A qualitative approach was employed, involving document analysis, observation, and interviews. The findings reveal that the zakat distribution schemes at UKM fulfill all aspects of maqasid syariah. However, a reassessment is recommended to ensure these schemes are prioritized according to the five core principles of maqasid syariah: preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Further studies may evaluate zakat schemes at other Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to align with maqasid syariah emphasized in Islamic teachings. This study is expected to serve as a reference for HEIs across states to implement more efficient, systematic, and effective zakat distribution systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azman Ab Rahman, Muhammad Azhad Al-Bohari , Siti Nurhafizan Panglima , Ahmad Muhasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shariah-Compliant E-Payment Framework in Malaysia: Integrating Fiqh, Digital Security and Regulatory Governance
The emergence of online transactions and e-payment systems presents fresh challenges for Islamic scholars and researchers seeking to apply Shariah principles to the realm of e-commerce. With Malaysia's increasing adoption of e-commerce and online shopping, it becomes imperative to confront these challenges with Shariah-aligned solutions. This paper advocates for a comprehensive model that integrates a Shariah core framework, robust technical mechanisms, establishment of a regulatory body, and enactment of legal provisions to facilitate Shariah-compliant e-commerce transactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Zulkifli Muhammad, Dr. Fatihah Mohd, Dr. Tamrin Amboala, Prof. Dr. Hanudin Amin, Dr. Wan Fatin Fatihah Yahya, Dr. Muhammad Khalilur Rahman, Dr Azila Jaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Skim Agihan Zakat Di Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) Mengikut Maqasid Syariah
Zakat merupakan salah satu instrumen penting dalam meningkatkan keberdayaan ummah menghadapi cabaran ekonomi masa kini. Setiap skim yang disediakan perlu dinilai sama ada melengkapi keperluan asnaf berasaskan maqasid syariah, iaitu memelihara agama, nyawa, akal, keturunan dan harta. Kajian ini akan membincangkan konsep maqasid syariah dalam konteks zakat serta menganalisis dan menilai skim agihan zakat kepada asnaf berasaskan maqasid syariah di Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang melibatkan kaedah dokumentasi. Hasil kajian mendapati secara umumnya skim-skim yang disediakan oleh di Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) kepada asnaf melengkapi setiap aspek maqasid syariah. Namun, semakan semula perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan skim-skim tersebut mengikut keutamaan lima prinsip maqasid syariah, iaitu memelihara agama, nyawa, akal, keturunan dan harta. Kajian lanjutan boleh dijalankan bagi menilai setiap skim yang disediakan kepada Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) yang lain bagi memenuhi tuntutan maqasid syariah yang ditekankan dalam ajaran Islam. Kajian ini diharapkan menjadi panduan kepada Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) di setiap negeri dalam melaksanakan sistem pengagihan zakat dengan cekap dan efektif.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azman Ab Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Concept of Halal Matchmaking for Muslim Marriage: Fatwa Perspective
Halal matchmaking refers to the process of facilitating marriages in a manner that aligns with Islamic principles, ensuring that gender interactions and relationships formed are permissible under Islamic law. The purpose of this paper is to explain and define the concept of halal matchmaking services for Muslim marriage from fatwa perspective. The research employed library and online research methods, using the web for research and publication. It explored independent scholarly sites (journals) and general websites including official fatwa websites, applying Boolean Search Model to process on the basis of logical product (AND logic). The research found that there are five conditions for matchmaking to be halal. 1) halal spouse, 2) intention for marriage, 3) personally identifiable information kept confidential, 4) meeting is attended by a chaperone (wali, maharam or matchmaker) or in public place to prevent zina, khalwat and ikhtilat, and 5) moral conduct with respect and honesty. It was also found that halal matchmaking means a synonym of arraigning ta’aruf (introduction to know each other) opportunities for Muslim marriage.
Halal Matchmaking, Fatwa, Muslim Marriage, Halal Dating
Copyright (c) 2025 Kyoichiro Sugimoto, Betania Kartika Muflih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Halalan Thayyiban Natural Antidiabetic For A Healthy Life
Type II diabetes is a one of the types of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that are commonly occurring in diabetic patients worldwide. It is a condition that happens due to the inability of the body to regulate and use simple sugar (glucose) as fuel or source of energy to the body and would later lead to an increase in blood sugar level. Citrus hystrix or also known as Kaffir lime, is one of the most common citrus fruits in the Southeast Asian region that is known to have an antidiabetic potential. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the usage of Kaffir lime as a natural as well as Halalan Thayyiban antidiabetic alternatives for patients suffering from Type II Diabetes in lowering their blood sugar content. In Brunei Darussalam, most cases of DM are related to Type II Diabetes. This can be caused by the unhealthy lifestyle and unbalanced diet of many of the local citizens which are already suffering from overweight and obesity. This study has been reviewing secondary data such as books, journals and articles of other researchers of the same or similar field of research or topic as a source of reference and data collection. The findings show that Kaffir lime can be a good source of antidiabetic alternatives for diabetic patients as it is naturally occurred and Halalan Thayyiban. The phytochemical contents of the Kaffir lime which include such as flavonoids is proved to have an effective impact towards inhibiting the activity of alpha-amylase enzyme, an enzyme that catalyses the digestion of starch into simple sugars such as glucose. This could help diabetic patients to regulate their blood glucose levels accordingly with the correct amount of Kaffir lime extract intake.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Hasan Basri Haji Hanipah, Moohamad Ropaning Sulong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zakat-Based Microfinancing: Insights from The Melaka Islamic Religious Council (MAIM)
Islamic microfinance serves as a crucial tool for empowering marginalized and underserved populations by providing financial access for entrepreneurial activities, thereby contributing to poverty alleviation. Despite its recognized potential, the accessibility of Islamic microfinance remains limited due to funding constraints, prompting innovative approaches such as the use of zakat funds. Among the earliest institutions in Malaysia to implement zakat-based microfinance, the Melaka Islamic Religious Council (MAIM) adopted the qard al-hasan (interest-free loan) model to support small-scale entrepreneurs from the asnaf community. While this initiative showcased significant potential for enhancing financial inclusion and socio-economic development, its sustainability faced considerable challenges. This study utilizes qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and content analysis to examine MAIM's experience in implementing zakat-based microfinance. The findings identify critical barriers, such as community misconceptions, managerial shortcomings, and resource limitations, which contributed to the zakat-based microfinance program's discontinuation. By addressing these challenges, the study offers practical recommendations to strengthen the sustainability and impact of zakat-based microfinance initiatives. This research provides valuable insights into the integration of Islamic social finance principles within microfinance frameworks to achieve sustainable poverty alleviation and socio-economic development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussein 'Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence for Fatwa Issuance: Guidelines And Ethical Considerations
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in issuing fatwas has attracted significant attention because of its potential to transform and streamline the process. However, this advancement raises ethical concerns that necessitate careful consideration, including the preservation of human authority and responsibility, as well as challenges related to interpretation and contextual understanding. This study aims to provide guidance for integrating AI into fatwa issuance and could assist communities facing challenges related to fatwas. The study employed a qualitative methodology that integrates deductive reasoning and field research methods. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Shariah experts and AI specialists to gather comprehensive insights. The findings highlight the potential of AI to revolutionise and streamline the fatwa issuance process. Nonetheless, several ethical dilemmas require resolution. We place emphasis on collaborative efforts between Islamic scholars, AI researchers, ethicists, and community stakeholders to establish comprehensive frameworks that ensure the ethical integration of AI into fatwa issuance. Despite the comprehensive nature of the study, we must acknowledge certain limitations such as contextual specificity, sample size, representation, and technological constraints. The established frameworks should prioritise AI as a supportive tool for scholars, upholding Islamic jurisprudence principles while ensuring fairness, accountability, and contextual awareness. Continuous evaluation, and engagement are pivotal in addressing ethical challenges and facilitating the responsible and beneficial use of AI in fatwa issuance within an Islamic framework.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Firdaus Ab Rahman, Siti Farahiyah Ab Rahim , Hussein Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi , Munawar Rizki Jailani , Nik Nur Muhammad Alif Bin Nik Mohd Azimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious Freedom from An Islamic Perspective In Malaysia: A Case Study Of 4th Year Undergraduate Students Of Fiqh And Fatwa At Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
In Islam, freedom of religion means respecting an individual’s choice to follow their preferred faith. This study focuses on how Muslim youth, particularly 4th-year Fiqh and Fatwa students at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), understand religious freedom. Cultural influences often limit the true understanding of Islam, which makes this topic important. The research used a quantitative approach, including surveys and questionnaires, with 131 respondents out of 201 students. The results, analyzed using SPSS, show a strong understanding of religious freedom among the students, measured through three aspects: understanding the concept of religious freedom (96.86%), awareness of the law (97.25%), and knowledge of religious discrimination (91.29%). Overall, the comprehension level was high at 95.15%, reflecting a positive view of religious freedom. The findings suggest that Islamic principles of justice and societal harmony support religious freedom in Malaysia. This research also highlights the need for policy discussions and legal reforms to align laws with Islamic values while ensuring religious freedom. Balancing these elements is essential for maintaining both religious rights and Islamic principles.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhamad Firdaus Ab Rahman, Hussein Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi , Nurul Syafiqah Izzaty Mohd Baharom , Siti Farahiyah Ab Rahim , Abdul Hannan Elissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Halal Awareness in Gastronomy Tourism: The Role of Fatwa in Local Dishes of Malaysia and Indonesia
Islamic law plays a significant role in halal gastronomy tourism by developing halal food products and services to cater to Muslim tourists. However, some gastronomy products in Malaysia and Indonesia are not permissible as the ingredients come from prohibited substances, even though the Muslim population is the highest in both countries. This study aims to raise awareness about local dishes in Malaysia and Indonesia within Islamic law in halal gastronomy tourism, helping Muslim tourists avoid consuming prohibited foods. The study reviewed the literature approach, drawing on existing research on Islamic law, halal regulations, and local gastronomy in Malaysia and Indonesia. As a result, the comparison between Malaysia and Indonesia can be seen through how fatwa was issued and halal regulations. Regarding local gastronomy, the issues discussed are tapai, grasshoppers, and sago worms, as the fatwa stated that tapai and grasshoppers are permitted, while sago worms are prohibited. Besides, this study highlighted the names of the forbidden local foods, such as sinalau bakas, bak kut teh, tinaransay, and saksang, to raise awareness among Muslim tourists about local dishes. The halal business in Malaysia and Indonesia is expected to grow, particularly in halal gastronomy tourism, as both countries are popular destinations for Muslim tourists. Therefore, this study suggests that combining Islamic law and halal regulations can result in better halal gastronomic tourism that ensures a promising cultural food for Muslim tourists.
: Islamic law, halal regulations, local gastronomy, tourism, Malaysia, Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Syahirah Saffinee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating Halal Certification Standards: A Comparative Analysis Of The Food Industry In Indonesia And Malaysia
Halal certification has become increasingly important for Muslim consumers, who seek assurance that the products they consume comply with Islamic laws. The research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the halal certification standards in the food industry between Indonesia and Malaysia. This study focuses on identifying both similarities and differences in the implementation and enforcement of halal certification standards in these two countries, emphasizing the regulatory frameworks and certification processes that businesses must navigate. The methodology in this research uses secondary data through literature and online digital study via the official website of the Malaysian Indonesian Halal Institute and other websites related to halal standards, which includes several important steps that ensure the validity and reliability of research results such as, identification of research topics and statements; literature search; secondary data collection; literature analysis; writing and reporting; validation and verification; conclusions and recommendations. By exploring the experiences of the food industry in Indonesia and Malaysia, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding halal certification and provides insights for businesses operating in these markets. The findings of this study will be valuable for both policymakers and industry stakeholders in developing strategies to enhance halal certification standards and facilitate trade between Indonesia and Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hulwati, Abdi Fadhlan, Mat Noor Mat Zein, Slamet Mujiono, Muhammad Dhiya Ulhaq, Chindy Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating The Halal Status Of Animal Bones And Ethanol In Conventional Food Products: A Preliminary Study
The halal food industry is on a significant trajectory and this trend is expected to continue escalating imminently. However, the halal and thayyib food supply chain issues involving manufacturing, distribution and consumption have not been solved and are causing concern among the Muslim community in Brunei Darussalam. One issue includes the sugar decolorising process by using bone char and/or activated carbon, which include animal bones as a raw material. Ethanol is another issue that is present in conventional and fermented products like beverages, sauces and additives. Brunei has a high importation rate of food products from Muslim-minority countries, resulting in numerous products with unknown halal status, as well as produces local fermented food products widely sold in the market. The current study provides a mini review of the involvement of animal bones and ethanol in food-related products. Moreover, the study presents a compilation of related fatwas on animal bones and ethanol issued by Brunei and neighbouring countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore to investigate the halal status of the implicated products. Brunei imposes a strict stance on these issues, whereby any involvement of pigs, dogs and permissible animals that are not slaughtered based on Shariah principles will deem the food-related products haram, as well as industrial ethanol is considered haram so no trace of such type is allowed (0.00%) in food and beverages. In conclusion, halalan thayyiban issues may be overcome in further studies by involving a collaboration of authorities in addressing scientific findings supported with Shariah principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aklimah Mustapa, Norkhairiah Hashim, Moohamad Ropaning Sulong, Siti Nur Idayu Matusin, Nur Farizah Haji Dollah, Nur Syamimi Matzin, Norputrawaty @ Nena Ellisya Aslan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Permissibility of Selling Video Game Accounts: A Juristic Analytical Study
This study examines the Islamic jurisprudential perspective on the sale of video game accounts, a practice that has emerged from the burgeoning online gaming industry and its concomitant secondary markets. Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in library research, the study scrutinizes contemporary Islamic scholarly works and fiqh literature to elucidate the concepts of ownership, contractual obligations, and the potential elements of gambling (maisir) and excessive risk (gharar) in these digital transactions. The findings reveal a nuanced conceptualization of ownership in virtual assets, recognizing players' rights as a form of usufruct rather than absolute proprietorship. The research underscores the critical importance of adherence to game developers' terms of service in determining the permissibility of account sales, while also highlighting the inherent risks of gharar, particularly concerning the longevity of game services, and maisir in games featuring chance-based mechanics. Ultimately, the study proposes a framework for case-by-case evaluation of such transactions, emphasizing transparency, equitable pricing, and the avoidance of gambling elements. This approach demonstrates the adaptability of Islamic jurisprudence in addressing contemporary digital economy issues, concluding that while the sale of video game accounts can be permissible under specific conditions, it necessitates meticulous consideration to ensure alignment with Islamic principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Mat Jubri Shamsuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Validity of the Halal Consumption Congruence (HaCC) Model towards Consumer’s Purchase Intention of Malaysia’s Halal Food Products
Halal industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world and Malaysia contributed about US$113.2 billion. To protect Malaysia’s reputation as the top halal economic country, monitoring the attitude of Muslim consumers and preferences towards Malaysia’s halal products is imperative. This study provides some insights since there are limited studies on Malaysian halal food products specifically. 402 respondents of selected Middle Eastern origin participated and completed the study instrument. This study integrated Theory of Planned Behaviour and Congruity Theory. Country-of-origin and religiosity commitment are selected since both are common constructs for halal behavioural study. The results showed that consumer self-congruence, religiosity commitment and perceived behavioural control have significant relationship with purchase intention. The opposite outcomes are country-of-origin and subjective norms. Attitude has a mediating effect towards the relationships of country-of-origin, consumer self-congruence, and religiosity commitment with purchase intention. In the interim, customer trust shows a significant moderating role towards purchase intention. Measuring religiosity is rather tricky and difficult because to admit non-conformance to the Islamic rites and requirements, especially the “wajib” (must-do) rites is something to be ashamed of. Furthermore, the respondents were Muslims from only six Middle Eastern countries, the findings could not be generalized. Future research should delve into the non-Muslims and other constructs that could enhance the research model. Conclusively, this study produces a novel research approach through the development of Halal Consumption Congruence (HaCC) Model that provides vital guidelines for Malaysia’s halal food producers in enticing the Muslim consumers’ purchase behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahiah Said, Faridah Hassan, Muhammad Asyraf Hasim, Mohd Faizun Mohamad Yazid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fatwa On Financial Needs in Non-Muslim Majority Countries: A Case On Mortgages and Insurance
In recent years, there has been an increase in the Muslim population in some non-Muslim countries. These Muslims face challenges in their daily lives to be observant Muslims. To navigate these challenges, they turn to religious authorities for answers to these difficult situations and seek guidance through their rulings or fatawa. The objective of this paper is to explore fatawa that were issued in non-Muslim majority countries in response to challenges faced by Muslims in those countries. These fatawa sometimes make something permissible, which is ordinarily impermissible in a Muslim-majority country. The focus will be on ‘mortgage’ and ‘insurance’ related fatawa. The rulings were analysed to determine the conditions under which the scholars have relaxed the requirements and the arguments used. It was discovered that the main reason cited for this relaxation is an extreme necessity (darurah), although some scholars object to using this reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Shakoor Dalvi, Md Faruk Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge And Awareness Of Working Women In Purchasing Brunei Halal Frozen Food Brand For Family Meal Preparation
This pilot study investigates the knowledge, awareness, and usage patterns of Brunei Halal frozen food products among working women in Brunei Darussalam. A cross-sectional survey was administered to a sample of 100 working women, aged between 18 and 50 years, using a snowball sampling technique. The study aimed to assess participants' understanding of the Brunei Halal frozen food brand, their awareness of halal certification, and the frequency of product usage for family meal preparation. The findings reveal that while respondents are generally aware of the brand’s halal certification and purchasing locations, there is a significant gap in their knowledge of the full range of products available. This highlights the need for enhanced communication strategies by Brunei Halal to improve consumer education. Participants also exhibited varying levels of awareness regarding the product's benefits, with some expressing uncertainty about its nutritional value and ingredients. Despite these gaps, the study found that marketing channels such as advertisements, social media, and promotions are effective in raising awareness, although there is room for improvement in consumer engagement and product education. Furthermore, purchasing patterns indicated that while Brunei Halal products are used occasionally, the frequency of their use for meal preparation is inconsistent, with cultural preferences for fresh, home-cooked meals being a significant influencing factor. The study concludes that Brunei Halal must refine its communication strategies to increase consumer confidence and product usage, particularly through clearer product information and more targeted educational initiatives. These efforts could significantly improve both the understanding and adoption of Brunei Halal frozen food products among working women in Brunei.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilah Johari, Pengiran Norkhairiah Pengiran Hashim, Hamzah Mohd Salleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0