Journal of Fatwa Management and Research
Journal title Jurnal Pengurusan Dan Penyelidikan Fatwa Journal of Fatwa Management and Research Initials JFATWA ISSN 2232-1047 (Printed) eISSN 0127-8886 (online) Frequency January, May and September DOI Prefix 10.33102/jfatwa- Crossref linked Editor-in-chief Professor Dr. Azman Ab Rahman , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Managing Editor Dr. Hussein 'Azeemi Abdullah Thaidi , ChM Dzulfadli Rosli , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Publisher USIM Press Citation Analysis Scopus | Google Scholar Peer Review Double Blind Review JURNAL PENGURUSAN DAN PENYELIDIKAN FATWA (JFATWA), also known as The Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, engages a broad readership with its interdisciplinary approach to all vital themes related to Fatwa and Halal research. The journal examines issues that cross both academic and international frontiers, showcasing research with wide-reaching implications. Guided by a distinguished editorial board and selected peer reviewers, JFATWA is committed to fostering essential, contemporary dialogues in the fields of Fatwa and Halal studies. It eagerly invites innovative ideas and research directions in related areas. Beginning January 1, 2022, JFATWA is published three times a year by the Institut Fatwa dan Halal (IFFAH) at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). The journal stands as a crucial resource for scholars, regulatory authorities, and experts in Syariah, Fatwa, and Halal fields. The journal's editorial team is dedicated to fostering an environment of open and rigorous discourse and invites contributions from various disciplines. These contributions may employ different research methodologies and originate from diverse global perspectives. The journal also encourages the submission of original works in Malay, English, and Arabic, which must be previously unpublished and not under consideration by other publications. Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts relevant to the scope of JFATWA. It is crucial to familiarize yourself with our peer-review process; articles undergo a rigorous double-blind review to maintain the highest standards of scholarly integrity. Acceptance of manuscripts is contingent upon the recommendations of peer reviewers and the final approval of the Editorial Board. Additionally, authors must adhere strictly to the author guidelines and manuscript template provided on our website. Submissions that do not conform to these guidelines or that deviate from the specified format will be rejected by the editorial team prior to review. Only manuscripts that meet these formatting standards will be considered for publication. The electronic manuscript submissions can be uploaded via https://jfatwa.usim.edu.my/index.php/jfatwa/submission/wizard Manuscripts and any related correspondence must be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief through our online submission system (OJS). This journal utilizes the LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archival systems, hosted by Stanford University Libraries in the United Kingdom, under the PKP Private LOCKSS and CLOCKSS Network program. To uphold the highest community standards in archival practices, JFATWA conforms to the Sherpa Romeo archiving standards.
The copyright of this article will be vested to author(s) and granted the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.
Daripada Susu Ibu Kepada Kultur Probiotik: Analisis Saintifik Dan Perundangan Terhadap Bakteria Terasing Serta Implikasi Syariah
Artikel ini meneliti kedudukan bakteria Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 yang dikenal pasti dalam susu ibu daripada perspektif saintifik, perundangan makanan dan hukum Syariah. Dalam konteks peraturan di Malaysia, penggunaan strain probiotik dalam produk makanan tertakluk kepada keperluan penyenaraian di bawah Peraturan Makanan 1985. Walau bagaimanapun, L. fermentum CECT5716 masih belum disenaraikan secara khusus, sekaligus menimbulkan keperluan penilaian lanjut sebelum sebarang pertimbangan pendaftaran atau penyenaraian dibuat. Isu ini menjadi lebih sensitif apabila asal penemuan bakteria tersebut dikaitkan dengan susu ibu, sedangkan bahan daripada sumber manusia secara prinsipnya memerlukan penelitian Shariah yang khusus dalam konteks pensijilan halal Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan menghuraikan asal penemuan, ciri saintifik dan proses pengasingan L. fermentum yang dijumpai dalam susu ibu bagi menentukan sama ada bakteria tersebut boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai mikrob bebas atau masih membawa implikasi sumber asal manusia. Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan melalui analisis literatur saintifik, penelitian peruntukan Peraturan Makanan Malaysia, serta penilaian prinsip Shariah dan keputusan fatwa berkaitan penggunaan susu ibu. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa L. fermentum yang diasingkan dan dikultur secara terkawal tidak lagi bergantung kepada medium asal serta tidak menzahirkan ciri bahan yang boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai sumber manusia. Berdasarkan integrasi fakta saintifik, kerangka perundangan dan prinsip Syariah, artikel ini mengemukakan bahawa penilaian terhadap kultur bakteria terasing tersebut cenderung untuk diletakkan dalam kategori mikrob bebas, tertakluk kepada pembuktian keselamatan, pematuhan kawal selia, dan pertimbangan pihak berautoriti. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang kepada wacana fatwa kontemporari serta menjadi rujukan sokongan dalam proses penilaian hukum dan pertimbangan penyenaraian strain probiotik di bawah Peraturan Makanan 1985.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Farhani Zarmani, Mohd Hapiz Mahaiyadin , Farrah Payyadhah Borhan, Nurulaina Saidin, Muhammad Syukri Mohd Ashmir Wong , Lam Lee Yein , Aidarafidah Amran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Fuzzy Delphi Terhadap Isu Fiqh Munakahat Masyarakat Islam Orang Asli Di Perak
Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis proses pentarjihan hukum fiqh munakahat melibatkan masyarakat Islam Orang Asli di Negeri Perak melalui aplikasi Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM). Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada beberapa isu munakahat utama yang dikenal pasti dalam kajian lapangan, antaranya perkahwinan bawah umur, kelayakan wali nikah yang fasik, pengislaman salah seorang pasangan suami isteri, pembayaran mas kahwin, perkahwinan mengikut adat Orang Asli serta isu-isu berkaitan hubungan kekeluargaan pasca pengislaman. Pentarjihan pandangan fuqaha terhadap isu-isu tersebut dilakukan oleh pengkaji berasaskan prinsip fiqh taysir, tadarruj, pertimbangan maslahah dan mafsadah serta realiti sosio-budaya masyarakat Orang Asli, sebelum dinilai dan disahkan melalui konsensus pakar menggunakan kaedah FDM. Data dikumpulkan menerusi instrumen soal selidik FDM yang melibatkan sepuluh orang panel pakar terdiri daripada agamawan, pakar fiqh dan pakar dakwah berpengalaman dalam konteks masyarakat Orang Asli. Analisis FDM dilaksanakan dengan pengiraan nilai threshold (d), tahap persetujuan konsensus dan keutamaan (ranking) bagi setiap pentarjihan yang dicadangkan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap kesepakatan pakar yang tinggi terhadap pentarjihan pengkaji bagi kebanyakan isu munakahat yang dikaji, sekali gus mengesahkan keperluan pendekatan fiqh yang lebih fleksibel, inklusif dan kontekstual. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pembangunan kerangka pentarjihan fiqh munakahat berasaskan konsensus pakar yang boleh dijadikan panduan praktikal kepada pihak berautoriti agama, pendakwah dan penggerak masyarakat dalam menangani isu kekeluargaan masyarakat Islam Orang Asli secara lebih berkesan dan selari dengan maqasid syariah
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Syazwan Faiz Shahrom, Paiz Hassan, Mohd Anuar Ramli, Zulkefli Aini, Muhammad Yusri Yusof @ Salleh, Muhd Imran Abd Razak, Mohd Zahirwan Halim Zainal Abidin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Perspectives on Understanding and Mitigating Youth Debt and Bankruptcy in Malaysia: A Systematic Analysis
The rising phenomenon of youth bankruptcy in Malaysia is a growing concern, reflecting a significant disconnect between contemporary financial practices and Islamic ethical standards. This study aims to evaluate youth financial behavior through the lens of Shariah principles, specifically the prohibition of Riba (usury), Wasatiyyah (moderation), and Amanah (stewardship). Utilizing the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted. From an initial identification of 275 records, a rigorous screening process based on stringent inclusion criteria was employed to select 10 primary empirical studies, ensuring the quality and relevance of the findings. The study identifies the primary drivers of indebtedness, which are then critically analyzed as a foundation for developing a faith-based financial resilience framework. This research shifts the discourse from purely technical economic variables to a values-driven perspective, offering practical solutions to address the psychological and spiritual harms of debt. The implications suggest that government and educational institutions should integrate Islamic ethical values into financial management modules to foster sustainable economic stability.
Youth Bankruptcy, Financial Literacy, Islamic Financial Principles, Debt Management, Wasatiyyah (Moderation)
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Zaim Isamail , Nurul Afifah Abdul Mulup https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Existence of Gharar Fāḥish and Its Potential in Digital-Based Marketing in Malaysia
The widespread use of digital-based marketing has increased the risk of ambiguity and information asymmetry between sellers and buyers in non-face-to-face transactions, thereby raising concerns regarding compliance with the Islamic muʿāmalāt principle prohibiting gharar. This study aims to analyse the principle of the prohibition of gharar and the potential occurrence of gharar in digital-based marketing practices in Malaysia. The study adopts a qualitative approach through a combination of library research and fieldwork. The library research involved an in-depth analysis of scholarly books and academic articles. The fieldwork was conducted through semi-structured interviews with eight informants, comprising three entrepreneurs, three academics specialising in muʿāmalāt, and two academics specialising in digital marketing. The interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to identify the main themes. The findings identify two main themes, namely clearly prohibited gharar fāḥish and the potential occurrence of gharar in digital marketing. Prohibited gharar was identified in relation to the existence of products, price determination and additional costs, and product specifications. Examples include the sale of products without confirmed stock through dropshipping and the use of AI-generated visuals that inaccurately represent material quality. Meanwhile, the potential occurrence of gharar exists in uncertainties relating to delivery time, return policies, promotional strategies, and disclosure of seller identity. The fiqh analysis indicates that certain forms of ambiguity may be categorised as minor gharar; however, ambiguity that is intentional or avoidable has the potential to affect the validity of the contract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hamizan Mustafa Kamal, Muhammad Fathullah Al Haq Muhamad Asni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
تعددية الفتوى المؤسساتية وتحدي التضارب: الأسباب وآفاق التقريب
تستعرض هذه الدراسة ظاهرة "تعددية الفتوى المؤسساتية" كَسِمَةٍ بارزةٍ في المشهد الديني المعاصر، ساعيةً إلى تشخيص ظاهرة التضارب الفقهي بين الهيئات الشرعية المعتبرة. ترتكز إشكالية البحث في رصد الفجوة بين مبدأ "الاختلاف السائغ" وبين واقع "التضارب" الذي باتَ يؤثر سلباً على المرجعية الشرعية ويثير إربَاكاً في الوعي الجمعي تجاه النوازل المستجدة. باعتماد المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، تفكك الدراسة العوامل الكامنة وراء هذا التباين، متجاوزةً التفسير التقليدي القائم على اختلاف الأدلة وما يلحقه من أسباب وعوامل، لتسلط الضوء على تباين الأطر المنهجية، واختلاف أدوات تصور الواقع كتحقيق المناط، وتأثير السياقات المؤسسية والجيوسياسية. خلصت الدراسة إلى أن معالجة هذا التضارب لا تقتصر على التوفيق الفقهي فحسب، بل تستوجب بناء "إبستيمولوجيا" تنسيقية بين المؤسسات. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة الانتقال من الاجتهاد الفردي المؤسسي إلى الاجتهاد الجماعي العابر للمؤسسات عبر تدشين منصات حوارية مستدامة، تهدف إلى ترشيد الفتوى وضمان اتساقها مع المقاصد العليا للشريعة، بما يعزز الثقة في المرجعية الدينية في فضاء عالمي معقد. This study reviews the phenomenon of institutional fatwa plurality as a prominent feature within the contemporary religious landscape, seeking to diagnose the phenomenon of juristic contradiction among accredited Sharia bodies. The research problem centers on monitoring the gap between the principle of permissible disagreement and the reality of contradiction, which negatively impacts Sharia authority and causes confusion in the collective consciousness regarding contemporary issues “Nawazil”. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study dissects the underlying factors of this divergence. It identifies and categorizes the primary generators of this contradiction; ranging from differing views on evidence to variations in methodological frameworks, differing tools for applying rulings, and disparities in verifying the rationale of rulings, as well as monitoring the impact of institutional and geopolitical contexts. The findings conclude that addressing this contradiction is not limited merely to juristic reconciliation, but requires building a coordinative epistemology among institutions. Consequently, the study recommends the necessity of transitioning from individual institutional Ijtihad to cross-institutional collective Ijtihad by establishing sustainable dialogue platforms. These aim to rationalize fatwas and ensure their alignment with the higher objectives of Sharia, thereby enhancing trust in religious authority within a complex global space.
الفتوى المؤسسية، التضارب الفقهي، الاجتهاد الجماعي، مقاصد الشريعة، المرجعية الشرعية.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamza Khelifati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Istinbat And Istidlal Fatwa Within The Kedah State Fatwa Legal Framework: Methodological Perspective
The process of searching for sources to identify the ruling that must be decided is a must in the practice of issuing fatwas. Reference to authoritative sources is the main requirement for a mufti before the fatwa decision is made. Therefore, to identify the accuracy of a ruling, it must be based on the Istinbat and Istidlal process which is organized according to the priority of its source. The coordination of Istinbat and Istidlal methods through legislation as a catalyst for the unity of legal thought and the accuracy of community understanding. The use of social legal research methods that combine library and descriptive methods. Content analysis of the Kedah State Mufti and Fatwa Enactment (2008) aims to study the legal provisions related to the Istinbat and Istidlal methods of fatwas in the state of Kedah. In addition, the author also conducted a general survey of the development of Kedah's fatwa institutions and legislation chronologically. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the latest fatwa, namely the HIV Prevention Treatment Initiative (PREP-HIV), was also conducted to examine the Istinbat and Istidlal methods applied by the Kedah State Fatwa Committee in reality. Fatwas are not decided individually by the Mufti, but rather are done collectively with the members of the Fatwa Committee through a discussion process. The Fatwa Committee makes reference to the sources of the Syafi'i School of Law as the main basis for determining the Hukum Syara' to be achieved in the method of determining the fatwa. Despite this, the Kedah Fatwa Committee's openness to receiving views from other schools of fiqh is very positive. There are policies such as Maqasid and Maslahah that are not clearly stated in the Enactment but are applied in the Istinbat and Istidlal methods of the fatwa.
Istidlal, Istinbat, Kedah Fatwa Committee, Fatwa Enactment, Mu'tamad Qawl .
Copyright (c) 2026 Alias Azhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Barriers And Women’s Rights In Muslim Marriages: Shariah Lawyers' Thoughts On Emotional Abuse In Terengganu
Increasing mental health concerns in Malaysia have intensified the focus on emotional harm within marriage, specifically cumulative and private abuse that lacks physical evidence. This study investigates the legal and procedural barriers faced by women seeking fasakh (divorce) on grounds of emotional abuse within the Shariah court system of Terengganu. Despite Terengganu recording the highest score in the Malaysia Happiness Index 2024 (8.64), psychological harms remain a hidden challenge. Adopting a mixed-method design, the research analyzed a cross-sectional survey of 31 Shariah lawyers via SPSS and performed a structured content analysis of 33 fasakh case documents. The findings reveal three critical challenges to women's rights: (1) evidentiary limitations and social stigma that complicate the burden of proof; (2) legal ambiguity in the framing of emotional abuse leading to inconsistent judicial outcomes; and (3) a lack of integrated psychological support within court processes. The study concludes that to protect women's matrimonial rights, there is an urgent need for clearer operational guidelines on emotional abuse, enhanced procedural directions for non-physical evidence, and strengthened court-linked psychological referral pathways.
Ihdad, fatwa, working women, Islamic family law, support model
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Farhana Azmi , Kauthar Razali, Wan Khairul Firdaus, Norazilawati Abd Wahab , Nurshuhada Mohamed , Wan Nur Izzati Wan Nor Anas, Azarudin Awang, Abdul Mufid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kerangka Fiqh Bagi Kecerdasan Buatan Dalam Islam: Analisis Naratif Terhadap Persidangan Ke-26 Majmaʿ Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī Al-Duwalī
The capability of artificial intelligence (AI) to emulate cognitive functions and make autonomous decisions challenges the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, which are grounded in reason, intention, and free will as conditions of legal accountability (taklīf), while also raising issues concerning the imitation and alteration of divine creation. Existing scholarship has predominantly adopted conceptual approaches grounded in individual scholarly perspectives, with limited attention given to the collective deliberations of authoritative international fiqh institutions. The lack of systematic analysis of institutional fiqh discourse has consequently created a significant gap in understanding the trajectory of contemporary Islamic legal thought on AI. In response to this gap, the present study evaluates Islamic legal and ethical responses to AI through a narrative review of 33 papers presented at the 26th session of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy. The analysis is structured around five principal juristic criteria: al-ahliyyah (legal capacity), al-mas’ūliyyah (legal responsibility), al-ḍamān (liability and compensation), al-tashabbuh (imitation of divine creation), and taghyīr khalqillāh (alteration of divine creation). These criteria serve as the analytical framework for assessing prevailing legal positions and delineating ethical boundaries concerning AI. The findings indicate that the majority of scholars reject recognizing AI as a legal subject due to the absence of al-ahliyyah, thereby maintaining human beings as the central locus of Sharīʿah and moral responsibility. The discussion is predominantly framed within legal analysis, while ethical considerations appear implicitly through the framework of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah as a value-governance mechanism. The study affirms that contemporary Islamic jurisprudence on AI is developing through the application of established fiqh instruments and highlights the need for a more systematic framework to guide fatwa institutions and policymakers.
Sharīʿah Legal Responsibility and Liability
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Faisal Ashaari, Irwan Mohd Subri, Hasanah Abd Khafidz, Jawaher Hamad Muhammad Al-Marri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tourism Under the Purview of Islamic Jurisprudence: The Defining Law (Hukm Taklifi) and The Declaratory Law (Hukm Wad’ie)
It is common and well known that tourism is a kind of world industry that develops rapidly globally. Travelling for tourism can be for some reasons which include Leisure, recreational, educational, religious as well as business. It follows that industrial tourism may highly contribute and support the government income and boost the economic sector achievement and assist in the job sector of the whole population in a country. Therefore, tourism sector is an important and significant agenda in development and growth of countries and Nations. In the same vein, Islam is a universal religion that is followed by many around the globe and everywhere. Islamic law counts every aspect of human life. Despite religious duties and obligations like solat and fasting, any act of the mukallaf including developing tourism industry or travelling for the purpose of tourism and sightseeing must be in line with the Shari’ah. This paper seeks to study primarily on the concept of tourism and its position under Islamic jurisprudence through library research. Examination will focus primarily on the rules (Hukm) of tourism namely the defining law (hukm taklifi) on travelling for tourism purpose under Islamic jurisprudence. The discussion will also highlight the concession (rukhsah) as part of declaratory law (hukm wadh’ie) and other related legal rulings during tourism where relevant and necessary.
Tourism, Hukm of tourism, travelling for tourism
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizah Mohd, Badruddin Hj Ibrahim, Mohamed Mahroof Ali Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Operational Application of Selected Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah (Islamic Legal Maxims) In Structuring Islamic Asset Financing Products in Malaysia: Transitioning From Controversial Products to More Acceptable Alternatives
The qawāʿid fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims) constitute a foundational factor in the formulation and development of Islamic banking asset financing products. When used together with the primary sources of Sharīʿah—the Qur’an, Sunnah, ijmāʿ, and qiyās—these maxims offer a structured framework to ensure that the structure and operation of Islamic banking asset financing products remain fully compliant with Sharīʿah principles. Their operational application permissibility is critical in assessing the, suitability, and Sharīʿah compliance of new product proposals, as well as in determining whether existing products require modification, substitution, or supplementation to address evolving market and regulatory demands. Accordingly, this article examines the operational application of qawāʿid fiqhiyyah in structuring Islamic asset financing products within the Malaysian Islamic banking context. Their application depends closely on the nature of the underlying contractual arrangements, whether they are based on sale, lease, or equity structures. The article also examines how these applications can support the global recognition of Malaysia’s Sharīʿah-compliant banking practices. Adopting a qualitative, doctrinal approach, the article analyzes relevant fiqh principles, regulatory frameworks, and selected case studies of sale-based, lease-based, and equity-based asset financing products. The study shows that the systematic application of qawāʿid fiqhiyyah enables contentious or doubtful (mushkil or shubhah) asset-financing products to be replaced with less problematic or fully compliant alternatives. This approach facilitates the design of financial products that are entirely Sharīʿah-compliant and free from juristic disagreement (khilāf). Such outcomes would strengthen the credibility and global acceptance of Malaysian Islamic banking products, further positioning the country as a leading hub for Shariah-compliant financial innovation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Azam Othman, Muhammad Naim Omar, Mohamad Asmadi Abdullah, Ghazali Jaapar, Mzee Mustafa Mzee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Personality Transformation of Asnafpreneurs: Elements in The Formation of Holistic Character Among Resilient Individuals
The development of entrepreneurship among asnaf is not simply an effort to enhance income or reduce dependency. It represents a broader attempt to link economic participation with the formation of resilient and dignified individuals. Asnaf entrepreneurs are classified as a group of asnaf who are being transformed into productive asnaf through entrepreneurship programmes, particularly among those categorized as the poor and the needy. These entrepreneurs receive capital assistance and continuous support to enable them to manage their enterprises effectively. However, in this context holistic character (sahsiah holistik) forms a crucial foundation that influences the capability of asnafpreneurs to overcome both business and life challenges. This study explores the key elements involved in the formation of holistic character among asnafpreneurs to identify factors that foster resilience in business and life. A qualitative approach was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences, perceptions, and moral practices of asnafpreneurs. Six informants consisted of officers from zakat institutions, were selected through purposive sampling, and their narratives were analyzed using ATLAS.ti 23. The thematic analysis discloses five interrelated elements in the transformation of sahsiah: (i) spiritual strength and religious values, (ii) institutional and community support, (iii) self-motivation and perseverance, (iv) informal learning and life experience, and (v) emotional management and entrepreneurial ethics. This study proposes a preliminary framework for holistic character formation that can serve as the foundation for developing training modules and intervention programs to continuously empower resilient asnaf entrepreneurs. The findings also provide policy implications for zakat institutions to focus more on character development and internal strength in their asnaf entrepreneurship programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Najibah Zainal, Nooramira Ghazali, Siti Aisyah Sabri, Mohammad Shaharudin Samsurijan, Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat , Abdullah Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distinguishing Waqf and Charity in Malaysia: Legal Frameworks And Implications For Donor Awareness
In Malaysia, terms like ‘charity’, ‘sadaqah’ and ‘waqf’ are often used interchangeably in fundraising efforts, which can lead to confusion and even regulatory issues. While there are various fatwas discussing aspects of infaq, sadaqah, and waqf, the broader implications of these terms, especially within Malaysia's complex legal framework that also includes non-Islamic charities, have not been thoroughly examined. This paper aims to clarify the distinctions between waqf and Islamic forms of giving, like sadaqah, while also considering the wider charitable sector that includes both Islamic and secular organizations. Through a detailed analysis of laws, academic literature, and conference materials, we identify significant inconsistencies in regulations. Notably, waqf is governed solely by State Islamic Religious Councils, while non-waqf charities—regardless of being Islamic or secular—are overseen by various federal regulators with different standards and obligations. This fragmented system often leads to poor oversight and inconsistent accountability, which can undermine donor trust, particularly when the term "waqf" is misused in public appeals. To address these issues, this paper suggests reforms such as establishing a centralized information hub for verifying charitable entities, enhancing public education about the differences between charity, sadaqah, and waqf, creating a unified federal regulatory body for non-waqf charities, and standardizing transparency and reporting requirements throughout the charitable sector. These steps could strengthen governance, clarify the classification of charitable instruments, and protect donors against potential misuse of their contributions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zati Ilham Abdul Manaf, Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir, Zuraidah Ali, Zimna Abdhul Muhusin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pembaharuan Fatwa dan Institusinya dalam Mengintegrasi Keadilan Restoratif bagi Menangani Ajaran Sesat di Malaysia
Pewartaan fatwa merupakan langkah penting bagi mengekang ajaran sesat dengan bertindak sebagai asas tindakan perundangan. Analisis terhadap fatwa-fatwa ajaran sesat yang diwartakan di Malaysia menunjukkan bahawa fatwa-fatwa tersebut lebih cenderung kepada tindakan punitif dengan syor tindakan perundangan sebagai keutamaan berbanding pemulihan akidah sehingga menimbulkan kritikan dan menyebabkan ketidakefektifan tindakan penguatkuasaan. Hakikat ini memperlihatkan bahawa pendekatan punitif semata-mata tidak efektif dalam menangani ajaran sesat sebaliknya menuntut pelaksanaan pembaharuan yang menitikberatkan pemulihan dan pengislahan. Justeru itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji bentuk pembaharuan fatwa dan institusi fatwa dalam mengintegrasikan keadilan restoratif bagi menangani kes ajaran sesat di Malaysia. Kajian ini berkonsepkan kualitatif dengan analisis kandungan terhadap sumber primer dan sekunder sebagai kaedah pengumpulan data. Data-data tersebut kemudiannya dianalisis secara deskriptif-analitikal dan dipersembahkan secara tematik. Hasil kajian mencadangkan tiga bentuk pembaharuan iaitu penstrukturan semula sighah fatwa berkaitan ajaran sesat, melaksanakan proses runding cara akidah sebelum penghakiman dan penglibatan Jabatan Mufti dalam proses istitabah atau pemulihan akidah pasca penghakiman. Implikasi pembaharuan ini membolehkan fatwa dan institusinya memainkan peranan dengan lebih proaktif dalam mendepani cabaran akidah melalui proses pemulihan yang sistematik sehingga institusi fatwa tidak lagi hanya dilihat sebagai badan normatif, tetapi juga sebagai instrumen pentadbiran agama yang berkesan dalam pemulihan sosial dan spiritual.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Ridhuan Mohd Zawawi, Wafaa’ Yusof, Zaini Nasohah, Anwar Fakhri Omar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence In Islamic Finance: An Outlook Based On Maqasid Al-Shariah
The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced global financial systems, including the Islamic finance sector. AI technologies such as robo-advisors, RegTech, and automated Shariah screening systems have enhanced efficiency and decision-making. However, their application requires critical evaluation to ensure alignment with Islamic ethical and legal principles. Despite the growing adoption of AI in Islamic finance, limited studies have explored its implementation from the perspective of maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Islamic law). The absence of a clear ethical and jurisprudential framework raises concerns regarding transparency, algorithmic bias, and Shariah compliance. This study addresses how AI can serve as a wasilah (means) to realize the general and specific objectives of Shariah while minimizing potential harms. This study employs a qualitative research design based on library and interpretive analysis. This study found that AI can support the realization of maqasid al-Shariah by promoting transparency, justice, and public welfare in Islamic finance operations. Applications such as AI-driven credit scoring, robo-advisory services, and compliance automation contribute to financial inclusion, equitable wealth distribution, and risk mitigation. Nonetheless, ethical challenges such as privacy violations, data misuse, and opacity in algorithmic decision-making must be carefully addressed to prevent contradictions with Shariah principles. This study contributes to the emerging discourse on ethical AI integration within Islamic finance by proposing a maqasid al-Shariah-based evaluative framework. It highlights the importance of developing Shariah-oriented AI governance and ethical policies to guide Islamic financial institutions and regulators. The findings provide a foundation for future empirical research and policy formulation aimed at harmonizing technological innovation with Islamic ethical objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Izzul Syahmi, Dr. Muhammad Safwan Harun, Associate Professor Dr. Muhammad Ikhlas, Dr. Suffian Haqiem , Dr. Muhammad Hazim Mohd Azhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Crowdfunding For Empowering Housewives' Businesses In Malaysia
This study analyses the potential of Islamic crowdfunding for empowering housewives' businesses, especially through digital platforms in Malaysia. Due to inflexibility, many educated women have recently preferred to conduct business from their homes rather than seeking fixed-paying jobs outside. Nevertheless, access to funding is relatively limited. Although crowdfunding has recently been promoted as an alternative funding source for businesses, its potential for housewife entrepreneurs remains unexplored. By employing a qualitative methodology, this study gathers data through semi-structured interviews with ten experts in relevant fields, analyzing the data using a thematic approach. The findings indicate that while housewives feel more comfortable running a business due to its flexibility, household income, and personal interest, they have also encountered challenges related to multiple workloads and financial constraints. Thus, crowdfunding is believed to be a potential solution to support those who run businesses from home. However, it must be practical in terms of a model for this group. While many models have both advantages and disadvantages, this study proposes a hybrid crowdfunding model for housewives by combining funding from public and corporate institutions. This can be realized by forming a strong community of housewives' businesses, government initiatives, and a special platform for this group. Although this study is still considered exploratory due to its limited number of interviewees, it provides a practical solution for all stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Nur Syahirah Mohammad Nasir, Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat Ishak, Kauthar Razali, Farah Roslan, Zuhairah Ariff Abd Ghadas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment Of Soil Suitability For Sertu Purification Based On Geological And Fiqh Views
The sertu purification process is an essential aspect of Islamic jurisprudence for removing najis mughallazah (severe impurities), such as contamination from dogs or pigs and their descendents. A key requirement in this process involves using water mixed with soil. However, ambiguity remains regarding the specific types and characteristics of soil that are suitable for use. This uncertainty raises practical and legal concerns, particularly as sertu is increasingly practiced in both personal and industrial contexts, and commercial soil products for sertu become more common. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of different soils for use in the sertu process based on their physical and chemical properties. Seven soil samples of varying origins and depths were analyzed using laboratory tests including particle size distribution, specific gravity, pH, organic content, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results were assessed to determine whether differences in soil composition affect their performance and compliance with fiqh requirements. Findings indicate that while most soils share similar mineral compositions, variations in acidity, texture, and organic matter may influence their effectiveness. This study offers a scientific basis for selecting appropriate soil for sertu, supporting both technical validation and fiqh clarity in religious purification practices. The integration of geotechnical data with Islamic jurisprudence enhances the understanding and reliability of sertu, ensuring its correct implementation across various settings
Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Ainaa Mardhiah Wan Zahari, Faizal Pakir, Aziman Madun, Nur Zainatul Nadra Zainol, Syaza Azhari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Halal Awareness And Scientific Learning Through A Cross-Cultural Community Engagement By Culturally-Informed University Science Educators On Natural Herbal Soap-Making Among Thai School Students
School-based health education provides an important platform for promoting halal, hygiene, cultural understanding, and healthy practices among young learners. This study reports a cross-cultural community engagement by the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Mahidol University, and Bangkok Noi Elementary School, Bangkok, Thailand focusing on halal-based hygiene education through natural herbal soap-making. Materials and Methods: A one-day interactive workshop was conducted involving 32 students aged 12–17 years. The programme combined short lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on soap-making activities. A pre- and post-test design assessed changes in knowledge of halal concepts, natural ingredients, and soap formulation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Participants’ mean knowledge scores improved significantly from 1.72 ± 0.77 (pre-test) to 3.36 ± 0.81 (post-test) (p < 0.001, r = 0.82). Qualitative feedback indicated that 93.8% of students enjoyed the activity, while 87.5% would recommend it to peers. Conclusion: The programme effectively enhanced students’ understanding of halal-based hygiene and natural product formulation while promoting intercultural appreciation. The IIUM–Mahidol collaboration demonstrates the potential of Shariah-informed community engagement in strengthening health education and halal awareness.
halal, herbal soap, culture, heath promotion, science education
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Affendi Mohd Shafri, Zaitunnatakhin Zamli, Hanani Ahmad Yusof, Norsyuhada Alias, Mardiaty Iryani Abdullah, Mohd Fuad Rahmat Sam, Aishahwati Baharuddin, Mardhiah Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differentiated Challenges, Shared Obligations: Navigating Halal Certification And Food Security In Malaysia And Indonesia
Halal certification serves as a critical mechanism for strengthening food systems, particularly within Muslim-majority nations where religious compliance intersects with public health and economic development. This study examines how Malaysia and Indonesia, despite sharing Islamic foundations, navigate distinct pathways in implementing Halal certification among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) while addressing divergent national food priorities. Indonesia continues addressing fundamental food insecurity challenges where access, affordability, and availability remain paramount concerns, while Malaysia has transitioned toward managing nutrition security by focusing on food quality and health value optimization. Employing the Strategy Management Policy Outcome (SMPO) framework, this comparative analysis synthesizes secondary data from regulatory documents, academic literature, and policy reports to explore how national food priorities influence certification practices. The research reveals that Malaysia’s JAKIM-administered MS1500:2019 standard, though globally respected, creates substantial managerial challenges for SMEs through cost burdens, procedural complexity, and audit requirements. Conversely, Indonesia’s BPJPH framework offers greater accessibility through extended validity periods and simplified requirements yet face implementation challenges due to the nation’s scale, decentralized governance structures, and predominance of informal SMEs. Findings demonstrate that while both nations maintain commitment to Halal integrity, their strategic orientations and institutional realities differ significantly. Malaysia’s policy environment emphasizes export-driven, quality-centric Halal assurance, whereas Indonesia's evolving system prioritizes inclusivity and national coverage. The SMPO analytical lens underscores the necessity for context-sensitive support systems enabling SMEs in both countries to contribute meaningfully to their respective food or nutrition security agendas. This research contributes to Halal governance discourse by linking certification challenges with broader developmental outcomes, offering insights for policymakers and Halal authorities to tailor SME support strategies aligned with national priorities.
Halal Certification, Small and Medium Enterprises, Food Security, Nutrition Security, SMPO Framework
Copyright (c) 2026 Umi Hamidaton Mohd Soffian Lee, Adlin Masood, Ayif Fathurrahman, Raudha Md Ramli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Supply and Demand of Skills and Knowledge in the Halal Profession in Malaysia
The rapid expansion of Malaysia’s halal industry has led to a growing demand for professionals with specialised skills and industry-relevant knowledge. As of 2025, 33 higher education institutions (HEIs) offer halal studies programmes at the diploma and bachelor’s degree levels. However, industry stakeholders emphasise the need for graduates who are well-equipped with both theoretical foundations and practical competencies to meet evolving job market expectations. This study examines the alignment between halal education and industry requirements, identifying the key skills and knowledge expected in the halal profession. A qualitative content analysis of 200 halal industry job postings and existing programme standards for halal studies was conducted to evaluate industry expectations. Skills and knowledge were extracted from both the job postings and programme standards, while additional information on qualifications and experience was collected from the job postings. The extracted skills and knowledge were manually coded using a codebook and grouped into themes to identify recurring patterns. The findings highlight specific technical, scientific, and managerial competencies such as industry-specific practices, business operations, international trade, laboratory testing, technological advances, and product innovation, along with managerial and coordination skills, practical skills, and digital and IT skills. These competencies present opportunities for curriculum enhancement, as they are not yet fully reflected in the current programme standard. The study also highlights the importance of ensuring that halal management education remains aligned with the evolving demands of the industry. This research provides insights into strengthening halal studies curricula by integrating practical training, industry collaborations, and competency-based learning. It recommends enhanced cooperation between HEIs and industry stakeholders to incorporate hands-on training in compliance management, technical proficiency, and digital tools. Ensuring graduates develop comprehensive competencies will support Malaysia’s leadership in halal human capital development and contribute to the industry's continued growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Fatin Aini Fekri Abidin, Dr. Nur Azira Tukiran, Dr. Anis Najiha Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Halal Beyond Faith: A Bibliometric Mapping of Halal Scholarship Involving Non-Muslims
Despite the rapid growth of the global halal industry, scholarly understanding of how halal-related research engages with non-Muslim contexts remains fragmented across disciplines. While existing reviews often focus on Muslim consumers or specific industry sectors, less attention has been given to mapping the broader body of halal-related scholarship that explicitly references non-Muslims. This study addresses this gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis of halal-related research involving non-Muslims. Using the Scopus database, 222 articles and review papers published between 2015 and 2024 were analysed through performance analysis, bibliographic coupling, and keyword co-occurrence mapping. The findings reveal a steady increase in scholarly output, with Malaysia and Indonesia emerging as leading contributors. Bibliographic coupling identifies three dominant intellectual clusters: halal consumer behaviour and branding, halal tourism and destination perceptions, and halal awareness within food systems and technological contexts. Co-occurrence analysis further highlights thematic convergence around consumer psychology, certification systems, ethical considerations, and regional leadership in halal governance. Although the dataset was not restricted to literacy-specific search terms, the results demonstrate that awareness, perception, and interpretive understanding of halal practices constitute recurring dimensions across the literature. These findings suggest that halal literacy functions as an emergent concept embedded within broader halal-related scholarship involving non-Muslims. The study contributes to theoretical and practical discussions by offering a comprehensive mapping of the field and highlighting implications for inclusive policy development, intercultural engagement, and sustainable market growth.
halal-related research, non-Muslim awareness, consumer behaviour, intercultural inclusivity, responsible consumption
Copyright (c) 2026 Lim Seong Pek, Dr. Nur Fatin Nabilah Shahrom, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Dewi Anggrayni, Nur Choiro Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact Of Morals On Fatwas: An Applied Study Of The Fatwas Issued By Egypt’s Dar Al Iftaa
Morals constitute an important part of the components of the Islamic religion. Therefore, this paper aims to shed light on the importance of morals and their impact on the contemporary jurisprudential fatwas through the applied study of the fatwas issued by Egypt’s Dar Al Iftaa. This paper adopts the approach of content analysis and the objective examination of fatwas. The researcher concluded that there is an impact of morals in these fatwas, whether in terms of analysis of fatwa topics; Egypt’s Dar Al-Iftaa invested in noble morals to infer many modern matters that did not exist in the Islamic jurisprudential heritage, in addition to the type of jurisprudential rulings (obligatory, desirable, permissible, disliked, forbidden). This paper highlights the fact that morals are considered among the origins of rulings and fatwas in Islamic jurisprudence, and they can be relied upon to reach jurisprudential rulings and fatwas for emerging events such as modern economic and medical issues that need a definitive statement of jurisprudence. This study may be the first of its kind in terms of linking the impact of morals on contemporary fatwas through the applied study of the fatwas issued by Egypt’s Dar Al Iftaa. Thus, it opens the door for researchers to study the impact of morals on contemporary fatwas issued by the various fatwa houses.
Morals, influence, jurisprudence, Dar Al-Iftaa, Egypt
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamza Abed AlKarim Hammad, Mahmoud Mohamed Ali Mahmoud Edris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mufti's Views And Fatwa Authorities On Ihdad: Implementation Challenges Among Working Women
Ihdad is a religious obligation imposed on Muslim women whose husbands have passed away, requiring a mourning period of four months and ten days that includes prohibitions against adornment, the use of fragrance, and the requirement to remain in the marital home. However, the enforcement of fatwas on ihdad presents significant challenges for working women who face the demands of employment, family responsibilities, and the realities of modern life. This study aims to examine ihdad-related fatwas in Malaysia in terms of their legal provisions, the lived experiences of working women, and the need to develop a more practical support model. A qualitative design was employed, combining document analysis, focus group discussions (FGD), and semi-structured interviews with widows undergoing ihdad as well as representatives of employers. The data were thematically analyzed using atlas.ti. The findings reveal a gap between fatwa prescriptions and the realities of working women, particularly regarding the necessity of leaving the home for work, fulfilling professional commitments, and sustaining household finances. The study proposes the development of an Ihdad Support Model encompassing policy, financial, emotional, social, and educational dimensions, ensuring that religious obligations are upheld without neglecting the contemporary needs of working women. This article contributes to strengthening fatwa-related policymaking and employment regulations, offering a more inclusive and holistic framework to support widows in the aftermath of their husbands’ death.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norita Kamaruddin, Zanariah Dimon, Syh.Noorul Madihah Syed Husin, Norazla Abdul Wahab, Ramazan Korkut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
علاقة المشابهة بين الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل عند الأصوليين: دراسة تأصيلية في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة The Similarity Between Ijtihād, Qiyās, and Taʿlīl: A Foundational Study in Light of the Objectives of Sharīʿah
يعدّ الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل من أبرز أدوات الاستنباط الفقهي التي اعتمدها علماء أصول الفقه في بناء الأحكام الشرعية، وقد نشأت بينها علاقة مفهومية ومنهجية متداخلة، أثارت جدلًا واسعًا في التراث الأصولي، خاصة في تحديد طبيعة كون القياس فعل اجتهادي محض أو دليلا مستقلا. ينطلق هذا البحث من دراسة تأصيلية لعلاقة المشابهة بين هذه المفاهيم الثلاثة، من خلال تحليل أقوال الإمام الشافعي وغيره من الأصوليين، واستقراء مناهج المدارس الأصولية في التعامل معها، بهدف إزالة اللبس الاصطلاحي، وتوضيح الوظيفة المنهجية لكل منها .ويهدف البحث إلى بيان أوجه التشابه والتداخل بين الاجتهاد والقياس والتعليل، وإبراز أثر هذه العلاقة في تفعيل المقاصد الشرعية ضمن الفروع الفقهية، من خلال تصور تطبيقي يوازن بين النص والاجتهاد، ويعزز من فاعلية الفكر الأصولي في معالجة المستجدات الفقهية. وقد اعتمد البحث المنهج التأصيلي التحليلي، مع قراءة مقارنة للمصادر الأصولية التراثية، وتوظيف القياس الواسع كمدخل لفهم العلاقة بين هذه الأدوات في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة. Islamic legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) provides the methodological foundation for deriving rulings and regulating juristic reasoning. Among its core tools, ijtihād, qiyās, and taʿlīl exhibit a complex conceptual and methodological overlap that has sparked extensive debate, particularly regarding whether qiyās should be viewed as a purely ijtihād-based act or an independent source of law. This study addresses the problem of terminological and functional ambiguity among these tools and its impact on the application of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah in contemporary contexts. It introduces an innovative approach by employing the concept of analogy to explore their interrelationship, analyzing al-Shāfiʿī’s foundational views and surveying the methodologies of major uṣūlī schools. Through a comparative and analytical framework, the research proposes a practical model that balances textual fidelity with maqāṣid-oriented reasoning. The implications of this study lie in clarifying methodological ambiguities and establishing a maqāṣid-driven paradigm for legal reasoning, opening new avenues for developing and regulating ijtihād in line with modern challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdoul-Hamid Ouedraogo, Wan Mohd Yusof Wan Chik, Ahmad Iqbal Mohd Fadzli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
الصناديق الاستثمارية الإسلامية المستدامة: بين الالتزام الشرعي وتحقيق الاستدامة المالية Sustainable Islamic Investment Funds: Between Shariah Compliance and Achieving Financial Sustainability
This study explores the growing integration between sustainability principles and Islamic investment funds, which are among the key Shariah-compliant financial instruments. Using an inductive approach to review concepts and global practices, and an analytical method to assess performance, the paper addresses four main themes: the concept of investment funds, conventional and Islamic investment funds, the current state of sustainable integration in Islamic funds, and the key development requirements. The findings indicate a strong alignment between Islamic ethical values and global sustainability standards, particularly in terms of justice, transparency, and environmental responsibility. Saudi Arabia and Malaysia were highlighted as leading models in promoting sustainable Islamic investment. The study recommends the development of Shariah-based sustainability indices, increasing green sukuk issuance, and enhancing regulatory frameworks to support sustainable investment ecosystems
Copyright (c) 2026 Younes Soualhi, Abdul Majid Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding Halal Fatwas: Unveiling Temporal Patterns, Jurisprudential Networks, And Hierarchical Dynamics Of DSN-MUI’S Halal Product Rulings In Indonesia
This study aims to analyse the evolution of fatwa issuance by the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI) from 1976 to 2024, focusing on identifying thematic trends, the application of legal maxims (al-qawāʿid al-fiqhiyyah), and the methodological depth of its rulings. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative trend analysis, thematic categorization, and legal-maxim analysis. Data were collected from 67 fatwas and ijtima’ decisions sourced from official DSN-MUI documents. Quantitative analysis was used to map the number of fatwas per year, while qualitative content analysis was applied to classify fatwas into thematic categories and examine the use of legal maxims and scholarly references in them. Network analysis was also conducted to identify the central scholars in the DSN-MUI jurisprudential framework. The findings reveal a significant shift in the DSN-MUI’s fatwa output, from minimal activity (1976–1999) to a dramatic increase in the 2010s, peaking in 2021 with nine fatwas. Thematically, the focus shifted from traditional social issues to complex contemporary topics like biotechnology, stem cells, and halal certification. The maxims al-ashlu fi al-ashya’ al-ibahah and al-darurat tubih al-mahzurat were most frequently invoked, especially in medical and biotech fatwas. Network analysis identifies Wahbah Zuhayli and Sayyid Sabiq as central scholarly references, reflecting a jurisprudential blend of classical and modern authorities in shaping contemporary Islamic rulings in Indonesia. These findings highlight the growing role of DSN-MUI as a regulatory and normative authority in the halal industry and public health. The results suggest that religious institutions must maintain methodological rigour and transparency in fatwa formulation to ensure public trust and effective policy integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Subhi Apriantoro, Aprilia Nurjanah, ‘Azizah Fathma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hyena: From the Perspective of Animal Physiology and its Impact on Jurists’ Disagreement
This study examines the taxonomy and physiological characteristics of hyena species, drawing from specialized scientific literature. It also investigates Islamic legal texts on the permissibility of consuming hyena meat, presenting the spectrum of jurisprudential opinions. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research combines descriptive and analytical approaches to derive informed conclusions. Scientifically, hyenas are classified into four species: three are carnivorous predators with powerful jaws and aggressive scavenging behaviors, while the fourth—Proteles cristata (aardwolf)—feeds primarily on termites, larvae, and small rodents. Islamic scholars hold divergent views regarding the consumption of hyena meat. Proponents of permissibility rely on ẓannī (probabilistic) textual evidence, whereas opponents cite qatʿī (definitive) sources that prohibit the consumption of fanged predators. This divergence may be reconciled by acknowledging the taxonomic differences among hyena species. The study posits that the hyena referenced in early Islamic texts most likely refers to the aardwolf, a species that does not exhibit typical predatory behavior. Furthermore, the claim that hyenas are hybrids of wolves is scientifically unfounded, as such hybridization would result in offspring retaining heightened predatory instincts, not insectivorous feeding patterns. The study underscores the relevance of integrating scientific taxonomy into Islamic legal reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taher Mohammed Abdo Sulaiman Al-Ahdal, Omar Abdullah Kolaib, Wan Mohd Yusof Wan Chik, Ahmad Iqbal Mohd Fadzli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Keperluan Prosedur Operasi Standard (SOP) Beragumentasi Dengan Al-Quran Oleh Jawatankuasa Muzakarah MKI Dalam Pandangan Hukum Islam Semasa
Para sarjana Usul al-Fiqh telah menggariskan satu kaedah yang menyeluruh dalam beristidlal dengan al-Quran bagi mengaitkannya dengan permasalahan semasa yang berlaku dalam hukum Islam. Kaedah tersebut merupakan langkah-langkah akademik yang merangkumi tiga peringkat, iaitu peringkat dalil dan istinbat, peringkat semakan terhadap hasil istidlal (taṣḥīḥ natījat al-istidlāl) dan peringkat pengeluaran fatwa bagi memastikan hujah yang bersandarkan al-Quran adalah tepat, tidak mengelirukan dan betul. Kajian ini ingin meneliti pengaplikasian kaedah istidlal dengan al-Quran oleh Ahli Jawatankuasa Muzakarah MKI dalam menghubungkan nas-nas al-Quran dengan permasalahan semasa dalam Islam. Kajian ini bertujuan mengumpul pandangan daripada ahli muzakarah berkenaan keperluan model SOP bagi tujuan beristidlal dengan al-Quran dalam konteks pandangan hukum Islam semasa. Kajian ini menggabungkan kajian kepustakaan dan kajian lapangan di mana penyelidik berusaha mendapatkan SOP melalui pembacaan ilmiah dan menjalankan kajian lapangan bagi mendapatkan maklum balas daripada beberapa ahli muzakarah yang terpilih. Hasil kajian menunjukkan keperluan kepada Prosedur Operasi Standard sebagai garis panduan kepada Ahli Jawatankuasa dan para penyelidik yang ditugaskan untuk mentafsir al-Quran berdasarkan pandangan hukum Islam semasa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahyudin Daud, Ahmad Najib Abdullah, Shukeri Mohamed, Syed Mohd Jeffri Syed Jaafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrasi Nilai Nutrisi Dalam Pengurusan Makanan Halal Satu Kajian Terhadap Kerangka Pensijilan Dan Peraturan Di Malaysia
Dunia telah menyaksikan pertumbuhan pesat pembangunan industri halal khususnya dalam penghasilan makanan. Pada masa yang sama, isu berkaitan nutrisi makanan halal turut mencetuskan kebimbangan seperti masalah kolestrol tinggi, gula berlebihan serta diet tidak seimbang di kalangan pengguna Muslim. Justeru, kerangka pensijilan dan peraturan berkaitan makanan halal perlu menekankan aspek tayyiban bagi memastikan makanan yang dihasilkan adalah halal serta tayyib (nutrisi). Kerangka pensijilan dan peraturan ini bukan sekadar memastikan makanan yang dihasilkan halal bahkan ia berfungsi sebagai kawalan kepada nutrisi makanan yang lebih baik kepada pengguna. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji kerangka pensijilan dan peraturan sedia ada di Malaysia yang berkaitan dengan makanan halal seperti MS 1500:2019 Makanan Halal – Keperluan Am, Bersih, Selamat dan Sihat (BeSS), Amalan Pengilangan Baik (GMP), Amalan Kebersihan yang Baik (GHP), Logo Pilihan Lebih Sihat (HCL) serta Peraturan-Peraturan Makanan 1985. Kajian ini menggunakan analisis kandungan terhadap dokumen-dokumen berkenaan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kerangka pensijilan dan peraturan sedia ada masih memerlukan penambahbaikan berkaitan aspek penting nutrisi dalam makanan halal. Kajian ini amat penting dalam menyokong pengukuhan dimensi tayyiban dalam sistem pensijilan halal Malaysia yang lebih menyeluruh. Ia juga menyumbang kepada peningkatan kualiti makanan halal daripada perspektif kesihatan dan kesejahteraan pengguna Muslim.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hawwa Abdul Mokti, Nor 'Azzah Kamri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fiqh Al-Muwazanah In Dealing With Interfaith Marriage In European Muslim Minority Context
This paper aims to apply the concept of fiqh al-Muwazanah on the issue of interfaith marriages among Muslims that widely occur in non-Muslim majority countries, especially the Western world. Two cases discussed among scholars regarding their permissibility are analyzed: A Muslim man who marries an ahl al-Kitab woman and a new convert wife without her husband whose marriage has already been established. Even though both issues have been discussed within classical and contemporary works, a new Muslim minority context may require some considerations. Thus, by applying fiqh al-Muwazanah, this study analyses the weighing of maslahah and mafsadah for both issues. A qualitative research method will be employed to achieve this objective by interviewing selected local muftis and scholars. It was found that maslahah is significantly considered by muftis and scholars when dealing with both issues, especially the maslahah of religion and family. While both cases have different views among scholars, they share similarities in terms of considering maslahah must be in accordance with priority, the application must be based on a case-to-case basis, and the potential of da’wah is the central pillar for both permissibility. Despite the limited number of interviewees, this study provides rigorous analysis by referring to related literature, practical discussion, and recommendations on both issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat Ishak, Nur Syahirah Mohammad Nasir, Abdulmajeed M. R. Aderemi, Huzaifa Aliyu Jangebe, Halimaton Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reassessing Zakat Obligations On Islamic Bank Deposits: A Fiqh Muʿāmalāt-Based Ijtihād For Islamic Banking 5.0 Concept
Islamic banking today grapples with a crucial question: should third-party deposit funds (DPK) be subject to zakat? While current fatwa such as DSN-MUI treat these funds as zakat-obligated like cash, this paper offers a new ijtihād. It argues that DPK, when invested productively by Islamic banks, should be exempt from annual zakat obligations. Grounded in fiqh muʿāmalāt, this position is built on classical juristic reasoning, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, and analysis of benefit versus harm (maṣlaḥah-mafsadah). Using both classical references – such as al-Ghazālī, al-Shāṭibī, and Ibn Qudāmah – and modern case studies, the research demonstrates that exempting such deposits can enhance capital preservation and mobilization. Instead of diminishing over time through zakat deductions, these funds can fuel microfinance, SME development, and inclusive economic growth. The core argument is that Islamic bank deposits, when functioning as tools for social utility and productive intermediation, are not idle wealth. Therefore, they should not be measured by zakat in the same way as dormant cash. This perspective aligns more closely with the spirit of sharīʿah, promoting justice, poverty alleviation, and wealth circulation. The paper ultimately invites a rethinking of DSN-MUI and similar fatwas to better reflect today's financial realities without departing from Islamic legal ethics. It offers a path forward where Islamic banks are not only Shariah-compliant but also socially impactful and economically empowering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saiful Anwar, Yusuf Haji-Othman , Mohammadtahir Cheumar, Aminudin Aminudin, Jafril Khalil5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0